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TUFTS COLLEGE STUDIES 

SECOND SERIES, NO. I 

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH 



The Growth of 



Sartor Resartus 



By D. L. MAUIvSBY 



Published by the Trustees op Tufts Coeeege 



H. W. WHITTEMORE & CO. 

PRINTERS 

121 MADISON STREET, MAIDEN, MASS. 

I899 



TUFTS COLLEGE STUDIES 

SECOND SERIES, NO. I 

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH 



The Growth of 



Sartor Resartus 



By D. Lf MAULSBY 



Published by the Trustees of Tufts College 



H. W. WHITTEMORE & CO. 

PRINTERS 

121 MADISON STREET, MALDEN, MASS. 

1899 



■reo29i; 

Register 



ff\-2 



% c \ 



51385 



Copyright 1899 
By D. L. MAULSBY. 



All rights reserved. 






Acknowledgment. 



My thanks are due to the President and the Trustees 
of Tufts College for authorizing the printing of this study. 
To Professor L,ewis E. Gates of Harvard University, and 
to Professors J. S. Kingsley and G. T. Knight of Tufts 
College, I am indebted for valuable suggestions. Professor 
Archibald MacMechan, of Dalhousie College, Halifax, N. S., 
has kindly read the article in proof, and has otherwise 
rendered generous aid. To Professor William R. Shipman of 
Tufts College I owe in many ways more than I can ever repay. 

D. L,. Maui^sby. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



[The abbreviations are arranged in alphabetical order. The paging of the Ameri- 
can Edition of 1838-39 follows the name of the essay, for purpose of comparison with 
other editions.] 

Voi,. Page. 
B = Burns, in Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, 

Boston, 1838, .___--_ I, 287-350 

Bi = Biography, - - - - - - - III, 96-113 

Bo = Boswell's Life of Johnson, ----- m, 114-194 

C =Carlyle. - 

CC = Count Cagliostro, 1830, ------ IV, 1-78 

Ch = Characteristics, ------- m, 46- 92 

C R = Corn-Law Rhymes, ------ m, 269-302 

D = Diderot, - - - Ill, 303-381 

DG = Death of Goethe, ------- m, 195-205 

E G L= Early German Literature = German Literature 

of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, - II, 383-448 

G = Goethe, I, 220-286 

GH = Goethe's Helena, -------I, 162-219 

G L = State of German Literature, ----- I, 28- 94 

G P = German Playwrights, ------ I, 390-435 

G Po = Goethe's Portrait, - - - - - - - III, 93- 95 

GW = Goethe's Works, ------- HI, 206-268 

H =On History, -------- n, 244-257 

H A = On History Again, ------- HI, 382-392 

J =Jean Paul Friedrich Richter, ----- I, 1-27 

J A =Jean Paul Friedrich Richter Again, - - -II, 172-243 

LH = Life of Heyne, ------- I, 351-389 

LP = Luther's Psalm, - - - - - - - II, 258-262 

L S = Life of Schiller, N. Y., Phila. and Boston, 1846. 

L W = Life and Writings of Werner, Essays, Boston, 1838, I, 95-161 

M =MacMechan. --------- 

N L =The Nibelungen Lied, II, 319-382 

S = Schiller, ------- ... II, 263-318 

S R =MacMechan's Edition of Sartor Resartus, Boston, 

1896. -.-_- 

ST = Signs of the Times, Essays, Boston, 1838, - - II, 82-142 

T S = Taylor's Historic Survey of German Poetry, ( - III, 1- 42 

V =Voltaire, - • - - - II, 1- 81 



THE GROWTH OF SARTOR RE8ARTU8. 



The object of this essay is to show that the leading ideas 
of Sartor Resartus, the principal devices of its method, and even 
the equivalents of many of its phrases, are anticipated in Carlyle's 
earlier essays. In short, that the Sartor, instead of springing 
full-grown from the head of its author, and thus appearing to 
be little less than a miracle, is in fact a growth, an " epitome of 
all that Carlyle thought and felt in the course of the first thirty- 
five years of his residence on this planet. " (I ^ In the collection 
of material for the demonstration of this thesis, the chief source 
for the text of the earlier essays has been the American reprint 
of 1.838- 1 839. It has seemed best to include the essays published 
before August, 1834, the date of the appearance of the last in- 
stalment of Sartor as a magazine article, rather than to draw 
the line at August, 1831, when Carlyle was unsuccessfully 
hawking his completed manuscript among the London book- 
sellers. For, although he may have left his sheets unre vised 
upon the shelf, in the interim, it was hardly like him to do so, 
and there is abundant evidence that the essays which appeared 
nearest to the publication of Sartor were written with his greater 
work freshly before him. They, at least, profited by the juxta- 
position of their elder brother. The date of first publication, 
then, is adopted, as furnishing a definite basis of reckoning. 
The hack-work done in earlier years for Brewster's Encyclo- 

(1) MacMechan's S. R., xxi. 



4 The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 

psedia lias been cursorily dismissed, because, on inspection, its 
value seemed small for the purpose in hand. So, too, the 
unfinished novel " Wotton Reinfred," and Carlyle's Diary, both 
used by Professor MacMechan, have not been here considered. 
A note at the close of the essay refers to one or two other 
books, consulted later. 

The following essays have been examined in the prepara- 
tion of this study : The Life ofFriedrich Schiller, originally pub- 
lished in the London Magazine, October, 1823, to September, 1824, 
published in book form," Iyondon, 1825, reprinted in America in 
1833, and in 1846, the last-named American edition being used 
herein; Jean Paul Friedrich Richter, first printed in the Edinburgh 
Review, June, 1827; State of German Literature, Edinburgh 
Review, October, 1827; Life and Writings of Werner, Foreign 
Review, January, 1828; Goethe's Helena, Foreign Review, April, 
1828; Goethe, Foreign Review, July, 1828; Burns, Edinburgh 
Review, December, 1828; The Life of Heyne, Foreign Review, 
October, 1828; German Playwrights , Foreign Review, January, 
1829; Voltaire, Foreign Review, April, 1829; Novalis, Foreign 
Review, July, 1829; Signs of the Times, Edinburgh Review, June, 
1829; Jean Paul Friedrich Richter Again, Foreign Review, Jan- 
uary, 1830; On History, Fraser's Magazine, November, 1830; 
Luther' s Psalm, Fraser's Magazine, January, 1831; Schiller, Fra- 
ser's Magazine, March, 1831; The Nibehmgen Lied, Westminster 
Review, July, 1831; German Literature of the Fourteenth and 
Fifteenth Centuries, Foreign Quarterly Review, October, 1831; 
Taylor 's Historic Survey of Gertnan Poetry, Edinburgh Review, 
March, 1831; Characteristics, Edinburgh Review, December, 
1 83 1 ; Goethe's Portrait, Fraser's Magazine, March, 1832 ; 
Biography , Fraser's Magazine, April, 1832; Boswell's Life of 
Johnson, Fraser's Magazine, May, 1832; Death of Goethe, New 
Monthly Magazine, June, 1832 ; Goethe' s Woj-ks, Foreign 
Quarterly Review, August, 1832; Corn-Law Rhymes, Edin- 
burgh Review, July, 1832; Diderot, Foreign Quarterly Review, 
April, 1833; On History Again, Fras.er's Magazine, May, 1833; 
Courit Cagliostro, Fraser's Magazine, July and August, 1833. 
In addition to the above-named, all of which appear in the Ameri- 
can reprint, there is a translation in Fraser's Magazine, Febru- 



The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 5 

ary and May, 1830, of Jean Paul Friedrich Richter' s Review of 
Madame de StaeV s Allemagne, which has been consulted, as also 
the brief paper on Schiller, Goethe and Madame de Stael in 
Fraser, March, 1832. 

The text of Sartor used as the basis of reference is that of 
Professor MacMechan's edition of the work, Boston, 1896. Too 
much can hardly be said in praise of the path-finding of this 
pioneer among the underbrush of Carlyle's learning, and, if it 
is not here more frequently commended in detail, it is because a 
single hearty acknowledgment is left to bear the greater part of 
J:he burden of obligation. But, whenever an extract is used 
previously cited by Professor MacMechan, due credit is given, 
although, it is fair to say, the wealth of material at hand is so 
great that such repetition has been seldom necessary. 

A natural order of procedure will be to consider first the 
matter and manner of Sartor Resartus as a whole, and, after 
these general considerations, to descend to an inspection of the 
work, chapter by chapter, in its relation to the earlier essays. 
It is true that the more salient resemblances concern the set- 
ting which Carlyle chose to give his thought, and that the de- 
tails of this setting — as the use of the German professor as 
mouth-piece — appear full-grown in those essays nearly preced- 
ing the appearance of Sartor itself. But in the second if the 
more tedious portion of this study there is abundant evidence 
that the author had been nursing his thoughts for years before 
they found utterance in his most characteristic work. 

The fundamental assertion of Carlyle's treatise on clothes 
is that spirit is the central reality. Characteristically, more 
space is given in the earlier essays to upbraiding the present 
age for its materialistic tendencies than to the enforcement of 
the essential nature of spirit. But, as early as 1827, in defend- 
ing the Germans against the charge of mysticism, Carlyle said: 
" In the field of human investigation, there are objects of two 
sorts :. First, the visible, including not only such as are material 
and may be seen by the bodily eye ; but all such, likewise, as 
may be represented in a shape, before the mind's eye, or in any 
way pictured there : And, secondly, the invisible, or such as 
are not only unseen by human eyes, but as cannot be seen by 



6 The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 

any eye ; not objects of sense at all ; not capable, in short, of 
being pictured or imaged in the mind, or in any way represent- 
ed by a shape either without the mind or within it. If 
any man shall here turn upon us, and assert that there 
are no such invisible objects ; that whatever cannot be so pic- 
tured or imagined (meaning imaged) is nothing, and the 
science that relates to it is nothing ; we shall regret the circum- 
stance. We shall request him, however, to consider seriously 
and deeply within himself what he means simply by these two 
words, God and his own Soui, ; and whether he finds that vis- 
ible shape and true existence are here also one and the same ? 
If he still persist in denial, we have nothing for it but to wish him 
good speed on his own separate path of inquiry ; and he and 
we will agree to differ on this subject of mysticism, as on so 
many more important ones." (l) The Kantian philosophy is, 
in continuance, stoutly defended, although Carlyle does not 
pretend to mastery of the subject. The passage quoted may 
stand as an indication of the writer's growing regard for the 
transcendental philosophy, although this passage does not 
stand alone. Besides the parallels to particular portions of 
Sartor, to be cited later, we find Carlyle, on two occasions, 
showing his position as regards the great fact of spirit by assail- 
ing those who hold opposite views. (2) It was in the early liter- 
ature of Germany that he found an acceptance of spiritual 
realities which was lacking among his contemporaries, and he 
looked forward to the return of a national literature in England 
that should grow out of spiritual life. (3) Other citations may be 
made, (4) but perhaps it will suffice hereto call attention to a 
potent remark of Richter's, translated by Carlyle, referring to 
"this material world, whose life, foundation, and essence is 
Spirit! "(s) 

That his age is materialistic, "mechanical", utilitarian, is 
to Carlyle an ever-depressing fact, not to be blinked nor pal- 
liated. In the essay Characteristics, religion, literature, and 
philosophy are found to be tainted with the current mechanical 



(i) G I, 76 and 77. (2) TS 30; D 375. (3) % G I, 44S. (4) As Ch 58, 11. 29-31 ; E G L 
400. 1. 32 ; Nl 342, 1. 24. (5) J A 182. 



The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 7 

tendency, and elsewhere the father of the -movement is called 
by name : "From Locke's time downwards, our whole 
Metaphysics have been physical ; not a spiritual Philosophy, 
but a material one. The singular estimation in which his 
essay was so long held as a scientific work, (for the character 
of the man entitled all he said to veneration,) will one day be 
thought a curious indication of the spirit of these times. His 
whole doctrine is mechanical, in its aim and origin, in its 
methods and its results. It is a mere discussion concerning 
the origin of our consciousness, or ideas, or whatever else they 
are called ; a genetic history of what we see in the mind. But 
*he grand secrets of Necessity and Free-will, of the mind's vital 
or non-vital dependence on matter, of our mysterious relations 
to Time and Space, to God, to the universe, are not, in the faint- 
est degree, touched on in these inquiries ; and seem not to have 
the smallest connection with them." ( J ) Time and again Car- 
lyle rails at "our new Tower-of-Babel era," (2) in which politics, 
like all the rest, proves man's faith in mechanism. (3) It is 
worth noting that here too Richter had preceded Carlyle, say- 
ing, as translated by the latter: "Our present time ... is 
indeed a criticising and critical time, hovering between the 
wish and the inability to believe. " (4) 

As corollary to faith in spiritual truth is the proposition 
that the understanding is powerless to reach and to grasp such 
truth. In Carlyle's own words : " To him, for whom 'intellect, 
or the power of knowing and believing is still synonymous with 
logic, or the mere power of arranging and communicating,' 
there is absolutely no proof discoverable of a Divinity. " (5) And 
again, in another application : " For if the Poet, or Priest, or by 
whatever title the inspired thinker may be named, is the sign 
of vigor and well-being ; so likewise is the Logician, or unin- 
spired thinker, the sign of disease, probably of decrepitude and 
decay." (6) This doctrine is derived from the Kantian philo- 
sophy, as is made clear more than once. (7) Carlyle makes no 
room for " the mere logician' V s ) but consistently holds : "Of 



(i) S T 152. (2) G W 268. (3) S T 154, 157 ; V 1 ; H 257, 1. 16 ; Ch 69, 90 ; Bo 145, 11. 
; D 359, 1, 24. (4) N 142. (5) D 362. (b) Ch 62. (7) G L, 89, Ch. 89. (S) C C 26- 



8 The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 

final causes, man, by the nature of the case, can prove nothing; 
knows them (if he know anything of them) not by glimmering 
flint-sparks of logic, but by an infinitely higher light of intui- 
tion. " (l > In his earliest considerable work concerning German 
literature, there are traces of the same belief. (2) 

In pursuit of what may be called the philosophy of Sartor 
Resartus, there are several minor doctrines that deserve mention. 
One of these concerns the dualistic nature of man. Professor 
Diogenes Teufelsdrockh illustrates this quality : " However, 
in Teufelsdrockh, there is always the strangest Dualism : light 
dancing? with guitar-music, will be going on in the fore-court, 
while by fits from within comes the faint whimpering of woe 
and wail." (3) Again, Teufelsdrockh had " the look truly of an 
angel, though whether of a white or of a black one might be 
dubious. " (4) Indeed, the meaning of the Professor's name 
(Born-of-Zeus Devil's-Dung),(5) an d the whole treatment of the 
character, are intended to make prominent that combination of 
heavenward and earthward tendencies which Carlyle saw in 
every human being. " What, indeed, is man's life generally 
but a kind of beast-godhood ; the god in us triumphing more 
and more over the beast ; striving more and more to subdue it 
under his feet ? Did not the Ancients, in their wise, perennially 
significant way, figure Nature herself, their sacred All or Pan, 
as a portentous commingling of these two discords ; as musical, 
humane, oracular in its upper part, yet ending below in the 
cloven, hairy feet? The union of melodious, celestial Freewill 
and Reason, with foul Irrationality and Iyust ; in which, never- 
theless, dwelt a mysterious unspeakable Fear and half-mad panic 
Awe ; as for mortals there well might ! And is not man a 
microcosm, or epitomized mirror of that same universe . . . ?"( 6 ) 
Boswell, Johnson, Diderot, and many another subject, furnish 
further illustrations of this doctrine, and the essays are dotted 
with allusions to it.W That it has colored even Carlyle's man- 
ner of expression will be shown when his style is considered. 



(i) D 363. See also 367, 1. 34. (2) t, S 68; 143, 1. 7. (3) S R 169, 23. See also 136, 21: 
148, 33 ff; 1S6, 14 & 15; 249, 10; ff; 265, 25. (4) S R 12, 11; Also 214, 2. (5) For the signifi- 
cance of names, see S R 77 & 78; Also 144, 19. (6) Bo 129. Cited by M, p. 377. See also 
S R 58, 1-15; 106, 33 & 34; 115, 31 ff; 117, 22 ff; 131, 2; 190, 12; 201, 16 ff; 217, 28; 220, 8 ff- 221 
22-222, 5; 236, 11 ff. (7) See LS 187, 13; 254, 22. Also Bi 98, 7; Bo 115, 3; 145,17; D^6S v 
H A3S8, 21; V 38. '' A ' 3 ' 



The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 9 

Meantime, there is opportunity to observe that, in Carlyle's 
view, life, in consequence of the dualism of human nature, is a 
battle. The necessity which wars against man's free-will is the 
occasion of his temptations, and may be the occasion of his 
struggle and final victory. ^ Our life " is an internecine war- 
fare with the Time-spirit. "( 2) Naturally, the quality that ap- 
peals, then, to Carlyle, is not that of "the vulgar Do-nothing," 
or man whose circumstances do not compel him to fight hard 
against them, but rather of him, although ill-equipped, yet 
being a ' ' man of uncommon character ... in whom a germ of 
irrepressible Force has been implanted, and will unfold itself 
into some sort of freedom . " (3 > 

Closely related to the view of life as a battle is the famous 
" Gospel of Work," for it is by labor that man re-acts strongly 
upon his circumstances. It is not necessary here to expound 
that cure for despondency which forms the practical issue of the 
famous chapter upon "The Everlasting Yea, ' ' but rather to show 
that this doctrine of Sartor was anticipated in the earlier essays. 
As it happens, the most striking parallels are in essays that 
were written between the date of the completion of Sartor and 
the date of its publication.^) But as early as the Life of Schiller 
Carlyle said : " Nine-tenths of the miseries and vices of man- 
kind proceed from idleness, " (5 > and predicted his trumpet-call 
to turn sentiment into action, in these weaker words : ' ' Our 
feelings are in favor of heroism ; we wish to be pure and perfect. 
Happy he whose resolutions are so strong, or whose temptations 
are so weak, that he can convert these feelings into action ! "( 6 ) 
There are other parallels which will appear in their proper 
place. < 7) There is room here for but another small quotation 
from Richter, speaking of "perennial, fire-proof Joys, namely, 
Employments, "^ 8) which probably performed its share in sug- 
gesting or confirming the new gospel. 

Turning now from recounting some of the main ideas of 
Sartor, let us next examine the devices of form by which its 
ideas were brought before the public. Chief among these, of 

(i) S R 166, 13-19. (2) S R 176, 32. See also 77, 32; 154, 12; 167, 6 & 20. (3) C R 273. See 
also C R, 271, 32; 274; Bo, 177, 16. (4) Bo 143-145 ; C R 276-277 ; 302. (5) I, S 62. (6) X, S 230. 
(7) See second part of this essay, uqder S R 143, 16; 149,27; 177,31; 179, 5. (8) J A 220. 



10 The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 

course, is the conception of the mysterious German professor, 
whose transcendentalism and uncouthness made him a fitting 
mouth-piece for Carlyle's most daring thoughts couched in his 
most rugged words. There was evidently great satisfaction to 
our author in using a fictitious personage to express his boldest 
inventions,. for, although he does not summon Professor Teu- 
felsdrockh by name in his essay-writing until after the comple- 
tion of the manuscript of Sartor, yet, after he has once discover- 
ed the virtues of a spokesman, he calls upon him, under one title 
or another, to utter whatever too startling declaration he has to 
make. The earliest case of Carlyle quoting from himself is in 
the essay on Goethe, 1828, when he introduces five pages of re- 
printed matter as written "by a professed admirer of Goethe ; 
nay, as might almost seem, by a grateful learner, whom he had 
taught, whom he had helped to lead out of spiritual obstruction, 
into peace and light. " (l) And this early example of self- 
quotation is accompanied by the critical discrimination, as from 
a superior on-looker, with which in Sartor we are so familiar : 
' 'Making due allowance for all this, there is little in the paper 
that we object to." (l) There is a similar example of self-quo- 
tation in 1830, concerning Richter. (l) It is not until 1832 that 
the German professor appears, and then under the name "Gott- 
fried Sauer-teig" (Peace-of-God Sour-Dough), evidently con- 
structed with the dualistic intent that prompted that of his 
successor. Moreover, both "Teufelsdrockh" and "Sauerteig" 
have remedial intent, the former as "a kind of medicinal assa- 
foetida"^) and the latter as a source of yeasty fermentation . 
such as is produced by the corresponding Yankee "empt'in's." 
(3) Three pages of Sauerteig's, containing much that is parallel 
to passages in Sartor, are quoted, ostensibly from the "sEsthet- 
ische Springwi'irzel ' :<4) a Work, perhaps, as yet new to most Eng- 
lish readers. " (5) Herr Sauerteig appears in at least two other 
essays, ( 6 ) but in the year of his debut emerges also, for the first 

(1) G 273. See also J A 224-229. (2) Letter to J. Carlyle, July; 17, 1S31, quoted by 
M, p. 282. See also German dictionar3', under "Teufelsdroeckh." (3) See Lowell's 
"Biglow Papers," Poems, Household Ed. 1SS5, p. 233 and Glossary. (4) In J R 34, 
"Springwuerzel"- is explained in a note, signed "T" : "The 'little blue flame,' the 
"Springwuerzel" (start-root), etc., etc., are well-known phenomena in miners' magic." 
(5) Bi 101. (6) Bo 132 ; C C 1-4, 12, 27, 7^. 



The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 11 

time, "Herr Professor Teufelsdreck," whose name is still to 
undergo a slight change of spelling. The professor is charac- 
terized as "A continental Humorist, of deep-piercing, resolute, 
though strangely perverse faculty, whose works are as yet but 
sparingly if at all cited in English literature;" and, most note- 
worthy fact, the several pages of quotation are assigned to a work 
with which all readers of Sartor are familiar, — "Die Kleider: ihr 
Werden und Wirke?i," published at "Weissnichtwo" by the 
now celebrated institution, called here "Stillschweign'sche 
Buchhandlung." (l ) Again, "our assiduous 'D. T.' " permits to 
be printed a part of his "Inaugural Discourse . . . at the open- 
ing of the Society for the Diffusion of Common Honesty." 1 ^ But 
more frequently he masks under some general designation ; as, 
"an observer, not without experience of our time," (3) or "a 
Scottish Humorist. " (4) Other examples of self-quotation are 
not wanting, (5 > perhaps the most striking of which is the pass- 
age ascribed to "Smei^fungus Redivivus, (6) whose Latin 
cognomen may have been suggested by Goethe's compliment 
to Madam von Wollzogen's Life of Schiller. (7 ) On one occasion, 
"Bishop Dogbolt" serves as the type of smooth-tongued 
preacher, in antithesis to the Apostle Paul.W 

Professor MacMechan has shown, by abundant quotation, 
that Carlyle made "canny " use of his unfinished novel, Wotton 
Reinfred, to furnish details of Teufelsdrockh's biography. It 
is further evident that the German professor is in part autobi- 
ographic in origin. His spiritual struggles haye their counter- 
part in the life of Carlyle. More than this, the qualities promi- 
nent in the fictitious man are those that Carlyle had been 
praising for years in the German and other authors his maga- 
zine-work called upon him to estimate. These qualities too, it 
is safe to say, are largely those of Carlyle himself, for he was 
not Shakespearean but rather Miltonic in temperament. (9) If 
one could take a composite photograph of the whole of Carlyle's 
literary criticism, one would find that the strongest lines of the 

(i) GW 209-214. (2) H A 382. (3) CR274. (4) CC31. (5) G W 264; D 371, 3. 
(6) C R 269. Professor MacMechan suggests that Carlyle got the first part of this name 
from Sterne, who, in his Sentimental Journey , calls Smollett " Smelfungus." (7) LS6: 
"Schiller Redivivus." ( 8)D 357. (9) As example of his inability to write in two styles, 
see the alleged publisher's note, S R 10. 



12 The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 

picture would give an authentic sketch-portrait of Diogenes 
Teufelsdrockh. Thus there is perhaps no single question more 
frequently asked by Carlyle concerning the book to be reviewed 
than, " Has the author humor ? " This humor, so assiduously 
sought, may be cynical, grim, or even coarse, but, if found, it 
is praised; if absent, its absence is condemned. Humor is 
" the surest sign (as is often said) of a character naturally 
great. ' ' ^ That Carlyle consciously endowed his Diogenes with 
this saving quality is shown by the account of the Professor's 
famous instance of laughter, and, hardly less emphatically, in 
a passage crediting him, "whether he have humour himself or 
not," with "a certain feeling of the ludicrous. " (2) Without 
these guides, it is difficult to see how one can read the chapter 
on ' ' Old Clothes, ' ' the opening paragraphs of ' ' The Dandiacal 
Body," the solemn apostrophe to the squatting tailor/ 3 ) or 
the Swiftian L,atin epitaph, without recognizing a permeating 
humor, which may at times be satirical or quite vulgar, but 
which is always easily to be distinguished from mere wit, a 
quality which, even in Voltaire, Carlyle despised. ( 4 ) Some of 
the numerous examples in the essays of the commendation of 
humor, and the dispraise of its lack, may well be cited, (s) It 
will be observed, in these examples, that the kind of humor 
most frequently praised is, like the Professor's, rude, genuine,' 
and strong, serving, on occasion, as the medium of carriage for 
some deeper thought or spiritual truth. 

Other qualities praised in the earlier essays, are figura- 
tiveness, irony, force, downright sincerity/ 6 ) all of which, to- 
gether with humor, might be fused into the expression of a 
single word, if we had it, that could be aptly applied to the 
utterances of the Professor, as well as to Carlyle himself. 

But it is too much to say that the whole of Teufelsdrockh 
is drawn from Carlyle's inner consciousness. We remember 
his assertion to the contrary, and grant it a full proportion of 
truth. (7) Both Goethe and Schiller had spiritual experiences 
similar to the Professor's/ 8 ) though Schiller made no such de- 



cree 17. (2)SR42, 25. (3) S R 263, 34 ff. (4)V6i. ( 5 ) L S 157; J 15 & 16; B311; 
S 302; EGL 402, 405, 418, 44°; Bo 193; C R 288; C C 67. (6) G W 262; EG I, 440; L S 226, 
232; Cf. L, S 31, 25 ff. (7) But see M xxiii, III. (8) See JVert/ier, Meister, X, S 67-69. 



The Growth op Sartor Resartus. , 13 

cisive conquest of doubt. It is easy to push such, comparisons 
too far," and hard to say, concerning details, what was the orig- 
inal suggestion of each. Thus it is probably a mere coinci- 
dence that the circumstances of Schiller's parents were like 
those of young Diogenes. (I > But that single uproarious laugh 
of Samuel Johnson's (2) is likely to have had some relation to 
the professorial cacchination, though not, according to Carlyle 
himself, the relation of cause and effect. (3) Also it may be said, 
as of Johnson, so of Teufelsdrockh : ' ' Within that shaggy ex- 
terior of his, there beat a heart warm as a mother's, soft as a 
little child's. " (4) The fact seems to be that the German profes- 
sor was made by a process of gradual accretion, through years 
of reading, writing, observation, and inner experience. 

Concerning a few smaller devices, a word may be said. 
The " Green Goose " tavern, a L,okal in Munich, (s) appears not 
only in its German guise in Sartor, but also elsewhere in plain 
English. ( 6) So with ''Things in general." M And there is 
mention of a typical being, whose satiric name suggests Hofrath 
Heuschrecke, and whose decorations forecast the ridiculed 
dandy : " The Count von Biigeleisen, so idolized by our fash- 
ionable classes, is not, as the English Swift asserts, created 
wholly by the tailor ; but partially, also, by the supernatural 
Powers. "W 

That particular device which deserves to rank equal with 
the Professor himself is the clothes-idea ; indeed, in some as- 
pects this idea is the central point from which all the rays of 
Sartor diverge. It is interesting to observe, noting the essays 
in chronological order, how the clothes-idea gradually takes on 
a more and more significant phase, until in the later essays, 
when the completed Sartor is awaiting publication, Carlyle does 
not hesitate to use many of the specific applications of this idea. 
In 1828, about two years before Sartor was begun, the following 
passage appeared, which, while not distinctly hinting at the 
deeper aspects of the clothes philosophy, might still be a quota- 
tion from the later work : " We could fancy we saw some Bond- 
street tailor criticising the costume of some ancient Greek ; 

(i)I/S 12. (2) Bo 175. (3) See'M's note on S R 28, 32. (4) Bo 1S5. (5) M's note on 
SB. 12, 7. (6)CC34, 8. (7) CC 48^29. (8) G W 213. 



14 The; Growth of Sartor Resartus. 

censuring the highly improper cut of collar and lappel ; lament- 
ing, indeed, that collar and lappel were nowhere to be seen. 
He pronounces the costume, easily and decisively, to be a 
barbarous one : to know whether it is a barbarous one, and how 
barbarous, the judgment of a Winkelmann might be required, 
and he would find it hard to give a judgment. For the ques- 
tions set before the two were radically different. The Fraction 
asked himself : ' How will this look in Almack's, and before 
Lord Mahogany ? ' The Winkelmann asked himself : ' How 
will this look in the Universe, and before the Creator of 
Man ? ' "W This, not of clothing for its own sake, but in urg- 
ing Englishmen to approach the study of Goethe with a 
sympathy that should over-ride national prejudice. It is in his 
translation from Richter that Carlyle is induced to use his fav- 
orite word "hull," and in a metaphorical sense, as equivalent 
to "body:" " Father, take thy son from this bleeding hull, and 
lift him to thy heart ! "O) A little later we find the same word 
uttered more in Sartorian vein: "Of the Ecclesiastical His- 
torian we have to complain . . . that his inquiries turn rather 
on the outward mechanism, the mere hulls and superficial ac- 
cidents of the object, than on the object itself. " (3) In 1831, 
about the time of the completion of the first draft of Sartor, its 
whole philosophy is condensed into a few words of praise for 
Hugo von Trimberg,(4) who had " light to see beyond the gar- 
ments and outer hulls of Life into Life itself. " (5) It is hardly 
worth while to quote several illustrative passages from the later 
essays, for, although some of them are much more striking than 
those given, in so far as their resemblance to Sarior is con- 
cerned, they are always open to the suspicion of having been 
borrowed from the patient manuscript upon the shelf, and thus 
being of later origin. ( 6 ) Perhaps the most striking passage of 
this later sort is the page-long paragraph in the essay on Goethe* s 
Works, in which, under the clothes-figure, the difference is 
expounded between the man of fashion or of empty knowledge, 
and the man of genius, between " God-creation and tailor-crea- 
tion."^) 

(i)G285. cf. J A 243, 3. (2) J A 241. (3) H 254. (4) S R 164, 26. (5) E G I, 400. 
(6) Bo 130, 19; 144,26; 189,1-10; G W 258,12; C C 2, 24; 33, 10; 39, 12 ff. See also 
B 301, 24; J A 200, 23 ; N C 35°. and note ; T S 36, 4. (7) G W 213 and 214. 



The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 15 

One more topic of general sort calls for brief treatment, — 
the style in which Sartor is written. It is hardly possible, in 
this connection, to ignore the question of Carlyle's indebtedness 
to German literature in general, and to Richter in particular, 
although no pretence can be made to settle in a few sentences 
a matter of discussion that has ranged men like Froude and 
I, o well on opposite sides. At the one extreme stand those who 
champion Carlyle's originality of manner, and follow, with- 
out qualification, the author's own statement, made in con- 
versation, that his style had its origin in his father's house. (l) 
At the other extreme stand those who believe that Carlyle imi- 
"tated Richter, and adopted, consciously or unconsciously, cer- 
tain other Germanisms into his manner. (2) Is it not possible 
that both these opposites, which are yet not contradictories, may 
be true, and the full statement of fact take account of 
both ? Some qualities in which Carlyle resembles Richter, not 
mentioned by Professor MacMechan, ( 3) are riotous humor, 
occasional coarseness, f4) almost absolute sincerity, and a for- 
bidding grotesqueness/ 51 which at times seems chaotic, but 
which yields to the attentive reader glimpses of uplifting and un- 
usual thought. A passage describing Richter's style, less often 
quoted than another, ( 6 > is not inapplicable to Sartor : "Piercing 
gleams of thought do 'not escape us ; singular truths, conveyed 
in a form as singular ; grotesque, and often truly ludicrous de- 
lineations ; pathetic, magnificent, far-sounding passages ; 
effusions full of wit, knowledge, and imagination, but difficult 
to bring under any rubric whatever; all the elements, in short, 
of a glorious intellect, but dashed together in such wild arrange- 
ment, that their order seems the very ideal of confusion. The 
style and structure of the book appear alike incomprehensible. 
The narrative is every now and then suspended, to make way 
for some 'Extra-leaf,' some wild digression upon any subject 
but the one in hand ; the language groans with indescribable 
metaphors, and allusions to all things human and divine. " (7) 

(i)Mxlvii. So, substantially, J. A. S. Barrett, in his edition of Sartor, London, 
1897, pp. 15-18. (2) See Lowell, My Study Windows, Boston, 1SS8, pp. 124, 126. (3) M 
xlviii. (4) For a combination of humor and coarseness, see S R 54 and 120. For similar 
qualities in Richter, see J A 235. (5) Cf N 82, 20. (6) J 13. (7) J A 224 ff. See also J A 
174, 229. 



16 The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 

Given a man by temperament predisposed to a style like Rich- 
ter's, is it too much to say that the careful translation of the 
utterances of a kindred spirit into language which endeavored 
"to preserve the quaint grotesque style so characteristic" W of 
the original had its effect of confirmation, and even of addition, 
upon the manner of the translator ? We have already shown 
several instances in which, to all appearances, Carlyle absorbed 
ideas from the congenial spirit of his German hero ; (2) several 
other such parallels will be found in the second part of this 
essay. (3) And it is difficult to resist the impression that the 
manifest resemblance in manner between, say, Richter's fine 
apostrophe to Old Maids, (4) and many oratorical passages of 
Sartor is due, not merely to two independent and similar en- 
dowments of genius, but also to the inevitable influence which 
one original spirit exercises upon another. In particular Car- 
lyle's characteristic habit of explaining his metaphors (5) is in 
line with Richter's corresponding attempt (6) not to leave the 
matter-of-fact reader in ignorance of his real meaning. 

To Novalis Carlyle was indebted more for specific thoughts 
than for style. I7) Such minor matters as the name "Blumine" (s) 
and expressions like "cry a more courageous class" (9) are to 
be observed. 

To Goethe Carlyle's debt is fundamental, is not properly 
a matter of style at all. 

There is room for a persisting difference of opinion as to how 
far the study of the German language really influenced Carlyle's 
style, and how far he was, for the special purposes of Sartor, 
"at pains to give a German coloring" to it. (lo) Certainly, there 
was no extraneous inducement to be Germanic in the earlier 
essays. Perhaps Carlyle's favorite diminutive ending "-kin" 
was suggested to him by the German "-chen," although 
his share in the Scotch genius for such endings helps to ac- 
count for such phrases as "vehement shrew-mouse squeak- 
lets." (lI> The absence of a conjunction, too, is sometimes sug- 

(i) J R 28. (2) See above pp. 6, 7, 9, 14. (3) See citations on S R i, 19 ; 47, 3-5 ; 90, 1; 
I02 T 28; 155, 10: 161, 17, etc. (4) J A 236. (5) As S R 170, 9; 212, 9-16; 244, 31 ff. (6^ J A 
234, 26, 28. (7) M's notes on S R 138. 3; 177, 14; 200, 3; 207, 15; 217, 15. See also pass- 
ages below, cited on S R61, 20; 169. 14; 176, 16 and 17: 177, 14. (8) N 132. Novalis Schriften, 
Berlin, 1826, vol. I, p. 5: "die blaue Blume." (9) N 118, cf S R 232, 25. Novalis Schriften, 
vol. II, p. 55: "Wohl, sagen Muthigere." (10) M xliv. (11) Bo 115, 4. 



The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 17 

gestive of German influence, as in the_ following conditional 
sentence: "Was the old wolf hunted down, the cub had escap- 
ed.^) And the capitalization of nouns is by no means confined 
to Sartor. Cautiously used in the essay on Voltaire, there are 
eleven cases of capitalized nouns in as many lines near the close 
of the account of Cagliostro, and thus evidence that Carlyle ap- 
preciated the convenience of a foreign method which enabled 
him to present to the eye the emphasis that he felt. 

The matter of Carlyle 's growth in freedom and vigor of 
expression deserves a moment to itself. Perhaps the readiest 
way to enforce the difference between his earlier and his later 
"manner is to subjoin a short example of each. The articles 
written for Brewster are striking in their carefully-turned and 
almost colorless style. But here are a baker's dozen of lines 
from the Life of Schiller, not less vital than the average : "It 
is a cruel fate for the poet to have the sunny land of his imagi- 
nation, often the sole territory he is lord of, disfigured and 
darkened by the shadows of pain ; for one whose highest hap- 
piness is the exertion of his mental faculties, to have them 
chained and paralyzed in the imprisonment of a distempered 
frame. With external activity, with palpable pursuits, above 
all, with a suitable placidity of nature, much even in certain 
states of sickness may be performed and enjoyed. But for him, 
whose heart is already over keen, whose world is of the mind, 
ideal, eternal ; when the mildew of lingering disease has struck 
his world, and begun to blacken and consume its beauty, noth- 
ing seems to remain but despondency and bitterness and deso- 
late sorrow, felt and anticipated, to the end."( 2) 

And here is a passage of about the same length, from 
Count Cagliostro, the passage above referred to as an example 
of later noun-capitalization : 

' ' But the moral lesson ? Where is the moral lesson ? 
Foolish reader, in every Reality, nay in every genuine Shadow 
of a Realit)^ (what we call Poem), there lie a hundred such, or 
a million such, according as thou hast the eye to read them ! 
Of which hundred or million lying here (in the present Reality), 

(i)EGL 425. See also M xlv. Note. (2) L S 131 and 132. 



18 The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 

couldst not thou, for example, be advised to take this one, to 
thee worth all the rest : Behold, I too have attained that im- 
measurable, mysterious glory of being alive; to me also a 
Capability has been entrusted ; shall I strive to work it out 
(manlike) into Faithfulness, and Doing ; or (quacklike) into 
Katableness, and Similitude of Doing? or why not rather (gig- 
man-like, and following the 'respectable,' countless multitude) 
— into both ? The decision is of quite iiifinite moment ; see thou 
make it aright. " (l) 

It remains, in this rapid treatment of Carly.le's mode of 
expression, to point out several special characteristics of style 
that are found in Sartor, and that also previously reveal 
themselves in the earlier essays. The metaphorical tendency 
of Carlyle as Professor Teufelsdrockh, and of Carlyle as writer 
to the reviews of his day, is sufficiently obvious, while a collation 
of all his metaphors, in both capacities, would involve patience 
of the first magnitude. There are, however, several particular 
sources of metaphor, of which he is fond, that can be mentioned 
here. One of these results in what may be called the bridge- 
figure. The original of this figure is, as Carlyle's language 
plainly shows, Milton's bridge, built by Sin and Death from 
hell to earth. ^ But Carbyle delights in transforming the 
ominous character of the bridge into beneficence, as he has 
done before in wresting the language of Satan to spiritual 
use. (3) Carlyle's favorite use of the bridge-figure is in its ap- 
plication to German literature, and the means of conveying it 
to English readers. (4) Another favorite source of metaphor is 
the firmament and its phenomena, perhaps the result, in part, of 
Carlyle's astronomical studies. Not infrequently the more por- 
tentous aspects of the sk3^ are indicated ; and again, the planet 
earth will be seen, a ball whirling through space. (5) Sometimes 
the figure will be consistently extended for eight or ten lines. (6) 
A third favorite figure may be termed the tree-figure. Some- 
times the oak or the banian is used in simile or in metaphor, 



(i) C C 77 and 78. (2) S R 185, 26, and M's note. See also S R 244, 1-10. (3) S R 149, 
17 and note. (4; S R passim ; J R 30; S 270. See also L S 69. (5) L S 225, 22; B 293, 2 if; 
V 23, 20 ff; N L 339, 12; EGI, 44S, 13; D G 205, 14. See also V 34, 24, Bi 98, 26. (6) As 
S R SS, 3-13; 132, 6-14. 



The Growth of Sa~rtor Resartus. 19 

sometimes the growth of a tree-" furnishes the desired ; symbol, 
sometimes some part, as roots or branches, bears the. emphasis. 
It is rather surprising, on the whole, how frequently this source 
of comparison is Used. (l) 

The vigor of Carlyle's expression is as obvious as its figur- 
ativeness. All we wish to remark here is that this vigor, in 
the earlier essays, was accustomed to break through the fetters 
of a literal translation. Thus, in a translation from the French 
of Voltaire's biographer Longchamp, we are told that, "He 
clapt on a large peruke," where the original has merely, " il se 
mit sur la tete une ample perruque." (2) Again we find the 
active iniquity implied in "rakehell " used to translate, on one 
occasion, the German article-pronoun, (3) and on another, the 
passive sufferer set forth by the familiar ' ' roue. ' ' (4) 

Reference has already been made to the dualistic nature 
of Carlyle's philosophy. It would appear that he made almost 
no statement without considering and providing for its oppos- 
ite. (5) Just as the nature of man is compounded of two warring 
forces, which yet are in some sense blended in a single being, 
so an assertion made, a quality ascribed to an object, suggests 
the counter-assertion that qualifies, the complementary quality 
without which description is not complete. The Professor pro- 
poses a toast to the poor, not only in the name of God, but of 
his Satanic Majesty. (6) The praise of Teufelsdrockh's philoso- 
phic patience must be accompanied by note of his prolixity 
and ineptitude. ( 7) Indeed, this habit of mind finds reflection 
even in doublets of phrase, which are in part different, in part 
identical. A collection of these phrases is of some interest, 
since, as the writer believes, the making of such "jingling . . 
pairs" (S) grows out of a constitutional view of life. L,et us first 
note in Sartor a number of these contiguous pairs of words,. 

(i) G 282, 18 ff; L H389, 30 ff; N t, 323, 21; cf. S R 34, 24; 3S1, 34; T S 32, 25; 0*141,29 ff; 
70, 6; Bo 169, 27; D 375, 4; C C 21, 12 ff; 37, 34 ff 178, 16 ff ; S R 156, 29; 228, 32. (2) V 2S. cf . 

5 R 41,-28". TF6r^he~6figihal7 see rongchainp's Memoires, II, 213. (3) L S 215, 2. See 
Wilhelm Tell, Act IV, sc. 3 (p. 119, Werke, vol. 9, Stuttgart, 1S65) : " Dem Volk kann 
weder Wasser bei noch Feuer." Translated by Carlyle: " But, for such rakehells, 
neither fire nor flood will kill them."' (4) V 50, 7. (5) S R 163, 15 ff ; 161, 22 ; 167, 25 ; 171, 
6; 176, 12 & 13 ; I78 26ff; 181,2; 185,1; 189,12; 159, 1-3, 6 & 7 ; 201, 23, 33; 202, 3; 210, 2j. 
215, 1 ; 222, 20 ff; 223, 8 ; 224, 1-3 ; 226, 27. (6) S R 12, 14. (7) S R 24. 15 ff. See also 62,. 

6 ff ; 92, Sff . (8) M lviii. 



20 The Growth op Sartor Resartus. 

which show obvious opposition in meaning. Such are exten- 
uate, exaggerate ; ethereal, diabolic ; staggers, swaggers ; 
stars, street-sweepings ; soup, solid ; descendentalism, tran- 
scendentalism ; invisibility, visibility ; aproned, disaproned ; 
plenty, parsimony ; admitting, emitting ; joy-storm, woe-storm; 
suddenly, slowly ; northward, southward ; city-builder, city- 
burner ; help, hinder;^) animalism, spiritualism; shadow- 
hunter, shadow-hunted; nothing, nobody, something, some- 
body; vanquished (p. p.), vanquish; successively, simultaneous- 
ly ; worry, be worried ; spend, spent ; fact, fiction ; fresh, fad- 
ed ; extrinsic, intrinsic ; needfully, needlessly; inferior, super- 
ior ; laughable, lamentable ; dandiacal, drudgical. (2) Another 
sub-class of these "jingling pairs" includes words that express 
related ideas, yet ideas that are not mutually exclusive, but are 
the result of looking at an object from two somewhat differing 
points of view. Such are lucid, lucent ; whereon, whereby ; 
invisible, illegible ; habitable, habilable ; ever-living, ever- 
working ; physical, psychical ; light, love ; then, thenceforth ; 
duty, destiny ; lasted, lasts ; discoverable, supposable ; omni- 
potent, omnipatient ; strong-headed, wrong-headed ; unendeav- 
oring, unattaining; flowerage, foliage; eulogy, elegy; as- 
igned, assignable ; diplomatic, biographic ; suicidal, homicidal; 
examples, exemplars ; wandering, wayward ; vehicle, vesture; 
world, worldkin ; good-breeding, high-breeding ; warp, 
woof.( 3) Finally, there are pairs of words which are joined to- 
gether principally by the jingle at the beginning of them, or at 
the end. These may or may not represent a valuable 
distinction of ideas, and are to be regarded as illustrating the 
tendency under consideration pushed to the extreme of a man- 
nerism. Such are mask, muffler ; litter, lumber ; bestrapped. 
bebooted ; half-cracked, half-congealed ; windpipe, weasand ; 
mumbling, maundering ; fish, flesh ; tureen, trough ; malign- 
est, maddest ; clothwebs, cobwebs ; chink-lighted, oil-lighted ; 

(l) S R 10, 18 ; 13, 2 ; 19, 14 ; 28, 6 ; 30, 5 ; 57, 30 ; 72, 15 ; 93, 17 ; 113, 17 ; 135, 1 ; 135, 3 
and 4; 139, 6; 139, 33 and 34; 157, 5 and 6; 160,8. (2) S R 164, 14 and 15; 165, 19; 166, 
2 & 3; 167, 3 and 4; 170, ij & 16; 176, l8j 180, 27 ; 183, 15 ; 188, 7; 202, 6; 210, 145 227, 30 ; 
249, 7; 259, 4& 5. (3) S R 8, 11 j jo, 19; 31, 11 & 12; 32, 30 ; 34, 22; 54, 15 & 16; j8, 29; 
75, 18 & 19; 89, 7; 92, 3J; 98, 33; 102, 3; 107, 3; 116, 22; 122, 15; 125,9; H 6 , Hi J 4 2 , ,2 i l6 4, 
7 ; 168, 6 ; 171, 17 ; 176, 5 ; 179, 2 ; 217, 2 ; 236, 22. 



The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 21 

mystery, mysticism ; shreds, snips ; bedizened, beribanded ; 
skating-matches, shooting matches ; puffery, quackery, breast- 
beating, brow-beating; perambulation, circumambulation ; 
Truths grown absolute, Trades grown absolute ; talismanic, 
thaumaturgic ; treacherous, traitorous ; tatters, tag-rags ; cut- 
purse, cut-throat ; rag-gathering, rag-burning ; wild-flaming, 
wild-thundering ; puddle, muddle ; delirium, deliquium ; 
hierophaut, hierarch.^) The same attitude of mind seems to be 
indicated in Carlyle's habit of denying the opposite of a quality 
or statement, instead of using the affirmative form. Thus, in- 
stead of saying that a "Tree of Knowledge" stands in the 
midst of the Garden of Eden of "every well-conditioned strip- 
ling, " he prefers the phrasing "nor" is such a tree "want- 
ing."^) Some of these turns of phrases are apparently with- 
out special force, as "not unvisited." (3) And " not unin- 
telligible" may prove to mean "all-illuminating. "^ This de- 
nial of the opposite may fairly be called characteristic of Car- 
lyle.(*) The significant observation to make here is that the 
mannerism of doublets, always in some greater or less degree 
opposed in meaning, is by no means confined to Sartor, but 
appears, less frequently it is true, in the earlier essays. Thus 
we find distinction, disgrace ; (6 ) possible, probable ; (7) pudding, 
praise ; (8) theogony, theology (9) ; periodical, perennial; hopeless, 
helpless; vibrations, vibratiuncles; intricately, inseparably ; (lo) 
with (or) without (hope);( II} clown, craftsman; ( ,z > (auroral) 
light, (infernal) lightning; emitted, Emitted ;<■ *) indelicacy, in- 
decency; wayfaring, warfaring.< 14) Even in the translations 
from the German, the same mannerism appears. Thus in Meis- 
ier's Travels, are found, for example, blamably, blamelessly ; 
synchronistic, synchronistic. (IS > And in translating from Rich- 
ter the sceptical age is described as "a criticising and critical 
time." (,6) It is in Sartor, however, that Carlyle, indulges in 

(i) S R 10, note ; ij, 6 ; 17, 14 ; 22 3 ; 25, n-j ; 36, 11 ; jo, 5 ; 30, 7 ; 55, 22 and 23 ; S9> ZI > 
•■60, ij ; 61, 18 ; 69, 8 ; 87, 1 &2 ; 87, 22 & 23 ; ioo, 26 ; 135* 12 ; 135, 17 ; 144* 2* & « ; 
1S7, 142; 162, 2; 191, s & 6 ; 2, °, 2 6j aj°» 12; 242, 11 ; 246, 28 & 29 ; 251, 34 & 

252, I ; 264, 13 & 14. (2) S R 122, 14 ff. (3) SR 123, II. (4) S R 231, 24 ff. (5) S R I2S, 21; 157, 
19 & 20 ; 162, 26; 170, 18 ; 194, 1 ; 198, 2 ; 221, 6. (6) L S 136, 12. (7) L S 201, 23. (8) B 331, 8. 
(9) v 45, JO- («°) s T 145. l8 : '49, »i »S 2 , 3J. 161, 27. (11) Ch 67, 8. (12) Bo 170, note. (13) G 
W 238, 33 ; 251, 27. (14) D 369, 7 ; 378, 19. (ij) Book I, chapters X and XI : Boston, 1851, vol. II, 
pp. 307, 26 ; 312, 29. C16) N 142, 20. 



22 Thk Growth of Sartor Resartus. 

his whim without stint, giving full rein to his fondness for pairs 
of words that sometimes suggest a prose-writter struggling for 
forbidden rhyme. (l) Occasionally, alliteration extends to three 
words; as, bewitched, befooled, bedeviled; (2) and this extreme 
also is paralled in the :earlier essays, as in the case of "poor,, 
moaning, monotonous, Macpherson." (3) 

Finally, the style. of Sartor is marked by the use of certain 
words, peculiar either in themselves or in the frequency with 
which they appear. To the former class belong ' 'palingenesia, ' ': 
"whinstone, ". "vocables" as equivalent to "words," and "gone" 
prefixed to an adjective, as "gone silent," "gone dead."( 4) To 
the latter class belong "infinite," "stormful," "inane," and 
"perennial. " (5) A characteristic use of "infinite" is in its 
translation, or rather emphasis, of the German "sehr viel. " (6) 
"Inane" is generally used as a noun. "Perennial" is a persis- 
tent favorite. To these much-employed words the Biblical 
"Holy of Holies" may be added. ( ?) 

But it is high time to turn from topical treatment of the. 
relation between the earlier essays and Sartor, to do what is 
perhaps more mechanical, but certainly no less abundant in 
result. An examination of the clothes-philosophy, chapter by 
chapter, will prove, although no pretende is made to quite ex- 
haustive tracing of parallels, that Carlye had grown into many 
habitual thoughts, and turns of phrase, which he made little 
or no attempt to disguise in form when he posed as the now 
celebrated Professor of Things-in-General. He relied securely 
upon his comparative obscurity as a man of letters ; yet it is 

(i) Other examples of this pairing of words in S R are S R i, 21; 9, 11; 14, 4; 15, 14; 
17, 2 & 3; 20, 12; 21, 5; 21, 33; 23, 6; 60, 21 & 22; 65, 3; 68, 30; 76, 24; 77, 33; 79, 9 & 10; 84, 2; 
86, 34; 87, 8; 92, 31; 97, 21 ff, 34; 100, 15; 100, 26; 101, 4 & 5; 102, 29; 108, 4, 34; in, 12, 14 & 15; 
113, 32 & 33; 114, 24 & 25; 121, 9; 122, 32; 123, 17; 127, 4 & 5; 130,15; 137,17; i39. 2 7; 141:32;' 
144, 11; 144, 34; 146, 7, 20; 14S, 24; 150, 34; 151, 7; 155, 14 & 15; 156, 14 & 15; 157, 8 & 9; 157, 
15; J 57> 32; 158.3,12,13; 160,19; 161, 8, 19 & 20; 162,14; 162,31; "163, 20 & 21; 163, 33 & 34,' 
166, 27; 168, 4; 168, 26; 168, 27; 169, 7, 16, 22, 29; 170, 1 & 2, 20; 171, 13; 172, 12 & 13, 30 & 31; 

174, 4 & 5; 174, 21 & 22; 175, 3; I76, 12 & 13; 177, 19 & 20; 179, II; 180, 212; 8l, 22;' 182, .7, 9^ 
19; 183, 18, 26 & 28; 184, 4, 19 & 20, 26 & 27; 185, 33; 186, 8, 17; 188, I, II; 189, 2, 22, 33; 191, 
4, 22; 192, l8; I94, 22 & 23; 19S, 19; 196, 2, 16; 198, 4 & 5, 12, 20; 199, 8; 200, 17, 22 & 23; 20I T 
2 & 3; 202, 20, 24 & 25; 203, 30; 224, 2; 205, 9; 206, 21; 208, 7; 211, 2; 212, 4 & 6, 14; 213, I & 2, 
17,30; 215, 29 & 30; 217,14; 218,2,26; 220,6; 224,25; 226,32; 227,3; "8,7; 229,23 & 24; 
230, 9, 20; 234, 19; 235, 21 & 22, 31; 238, 6, IJ, 33 & 34; 241, 2 & 3; 244, 20 & 21; 245, 23, 2S, 17; 246, 
247, 10; 248, 19, 34; 249, 17, 30, 32; 251, 31; 252, 6, 32; 253, I; 254, 32; 256, 5 & 6; 260, 3, 19, 24; 
263, 20; 265, 8; 266, 20 & 21; 269, 23; 270, 6 & 7; 271, 6. (2) S R 200, 23 ff. Also 20, 33; 190,. 
14 & 15. (3) T S 32, 17. (4) S R 231, 20; 244, 17; Bo 177, 28; S R 264, 20; T S 18, II. S R 95,' 
15; C R 276, -14. S R 229, 16; 227, 33; Ch 81, 13; D G 195, 23. (5) S R 194, 29; 233,' 30;- 
267, 27; S T 156, 34; Bo 166, 32; 167,3; D 375, 7 (infinitude). See S R 242, 16 & note; 
C R 284, 30; D G 203, 26; C C 29, 20. S R 200, 10; 242, 16; E G L 386, 1; T S 3, 8. S R 175, ij; 
191, 15: Ch 75, 27; G W 267, 33; Bi 99, 21; 124, 26; 127, 13; 129, 6; 243, 34; 144, 2; 182, 26; 184, 
5; C R. 269, 19; D 360, 23; 374, 23; JL S, 58, 16; 120, 13. (6) See M's note to S R 194^ 
28; (7) S R, 90, 1; 168, 22; 231, 16; M's note to 146, 22; E G L, 389, 19; Ch. 53, 29; 89, 17. 



The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 23 

difficult to understand how, even at that early period of his 
career, some of his previous writing had not exposed him at 
once, on the appearance of Sartor, as himself the veritable Teu- 
felsdrockh, instead of leaving the secret of his mystification 
only gradually to struggle into light. 

The obvious method of procedure is to take the chapters, 
even the lines, of Sartor, in order,- and to cite parallels in the 
earlier essays. In the following arrangement, to save space, 
comment is omitted. A separate paragraph is devoted to 
each chapter, and the lines of each chapter are taken in order. 
Some of the more important parallels are quoted,' the reference 
to each being given immediately after it. Other similar pas- 
sages in the earlier essays are indicated by citation merely, 
after the reference belonging to the quotation. Occasion- 
ally passages have been cited which resemble the later work* 
in spirit rather than in verbal expression. Quotation marks 
have been omitted, except when Carlyle himself used 
them . 



BOOK I. 



Chapter I, p. i, 11. 5-8. — He who, in some singular time 
of the World's History, were reduced to wander about, in 
stooping posture, with painfully constructed sulphur-match and 
farthing rushlight ... or smoky tarlink . . . searching for the 
Sun. . . (D 366, 11 ff. See also D 320, 1.6; V 2, 3; S T 163, 
25; D 366,2.) 1, 19, and notes. — " A lively people, for whom 
pleasure or pain, as daylight or cloudy weather, often hide the 
upper starry heaven, can at least use star-catalogues, and some 
planisphere thereof. "(Quoted from Richter, J R 29.) 2, 7. — 
The Social Contract. (L S 206, 31.) 2, 8. — As men cannot 
do without a divinity, a sort of terrestrial upholstery one had 
been got together, and named Taste, with medallic virtuosi 
and picture cognoscenti, and enlightened letter and belles-let- 
ters men enough for priests. (G W, 248, 14. V 72, 16.) 
2, 9. — 'Doctrine of Rent.' (B 318, 14.) 2, 14 and note. — Dr. 



24 The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 

Cabanis. (EG I, 389, 10. L. S 35 N.) 2, 24.— Wrappage. 
(J 13, 21. J A 200, 23.) 3, 3-4, and note.— It [History] is 
a looking both before and after. (H 244, 8. S 300, 15; 301, 
25.) 3, 11.— 'Catholic Disabilities.' (V 30, 3. S T, 145, 7.) 
3, 14, see 16, 33; 268, 7.— Watch-tower (C C 15, 2; 28, 4; cf. 
on 16, 33, below.) 5, 20-22. — Die Kleider: ihr Werde?i und 
Wirken. Von D. Teufeesdreck. Weissnichtwo. Still- 
schweign'sche Buchhandlung, 1830 (G W 212 N.) 

Chapter II. 7, 4, cf. 267, 17. — A great love of making 
Proselytes (V 71, 26.) 7, 9. — Business and bosoms. (N L, 357, 
7.) 8,29. — Dike mere Minerva novels, and songs by a Per- 
son of Quality ! (S 263, 20. J 10, 15. B 302, 30. EGL 414, 
30. G W 243, 19. Bo 172, 1. C R 287, 31 ; 289, 18, Bi ioo, 
J 7-) 9> 3 2 > and note. — Quite spotless, on the other hand, is 
'Johnson's love of Truth. . . 'Clear your mind of Cant;' clear 
it, throw Cant utterly away : such was his emphatic, repeated 
precept. (Bo 183, 26. G 238, 12. L. S 233, 1. B 298, 19. 
Bo 127, 21 ; 160, 22 ; 178, 28 ; 184, 8. C R 280, 11 ; 300, 28.) 
11, 1. cf. 100, 26. Puffery. (Bo 156, 33; 184, 28. C R 296, 

13- D 332, 5s) 

Chapter HI. 13, 13. — Sansculottes. (G W 211, 9.) 14, 
7. The "Wandering," or as Schubart's countrymen denominate 
him, the "Eternal Jew." (E S 254, 3. H A 383, 14. C C 
61, 11.) 14, 33 and note. — There is a series of Selections, 
Editions, Translations, Critical Disquisitions, some of them in 
the shape of Academic Program. (E G E 4°7> 3-) x 5» H- — 
It is not by Derision and Denial, but far deeper, more earnest, 
diviner means that aught truly has been effected for mankind. 
(V 44, 20; 19,7. G H 174, 20. G 239, 33.) 15, 20. —The 
following singular Fragment on History forms part, as may be 
recognized, of the Inaugural Discourse delivered by our assid- 
uous 'D. T.' at the opening of the Society for the Diffusion of 
Common Honesty. The discourse, if one may credit the Morn- 
ing Papers, 'touched in the most wonderful manner, didacti- 
cally, poetically, almost prophetically, on all things in this 
world and the next, in a strain of sustained or rather of sup- 
pressed passionate eloquence rarely witnessed in Parliament or 
out of it : the chief bursts were received with profound silence,' 



The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 25 

— interrupted, we fear, by snuff -taking. (H A 382, 1, ff.) 16, 
33. — See 3, 14; 268, 7. — Watch-towers (Bi 112, 16.) 17, 28. 
See 242. — Rough Samuel and sleek wheedling James were, 
and are ?iot. Their life and whole personal Environment has 
melted into air. (60132,34 ff. D 357, 29.) 18, 3. — His- 
tory . . . is the only articulate communication (when the in- 
articulate and mute, intelligible or not, lie round us and in us, 
so strangely through every fibre of our being, every step 
of our activity) which the Past can have with the Present. (H 
A 382, 19.) 20, 16. — Perhaps scarcely the besom of a maid 
had got admittance. (G W 235, 18.) 21, 31. — The burin 
of Retzsch is not more expressive or exact. (B 305, 18.) 22, 
32. Talapoin. (D 367, 13.) 

Chapter IV. 24,31. — Coronation Pontiff. (Bo 153,31.) 
29, 17. — Wit of this sort . . . has not even the force to laugh 
outright, but can only sniff and titter. (V 61, 14. B 314, 19. 
D 347, 20; 354, 23.) 

Chapter V. 32, 22 and note. — Vain were it to inquire 
where Nibelungen-land specially is : its very name is Nebel- 
land, or Nifl-land, the land of Darkness, of Invisibility. (N L, 
342, 13.) 34, 18 — 21, cf 236, 17 ff — If all things, to speak in 
the German dialect, are discussed by us, and exist for us, in an 
element of Time, and therefore of Mortality and Mutability ; 
yet Time itself reposes on Eternity . . . Thus in all Poetry, 
Worship, Art, Society, as one form passes into another, nothing 
is lost. (Ch 87, 1. Bo 132, 19. D 334, 8.) 34,21-25. — Thus 
though Tradition may have but one root, it grows like a Ban- 
ian, into a whole over-arching labyrinth of trees. (N L, 323, 
20.) 34, 30-34, see 164, 10. — Gunpowder (of the thirteenth 
century), though Milton gives the credit of it to Satan, has 
helped mightily to lessen the horrors of war : thus much at 
least must be admitted in its favor, that it secures the dominion 
of civilized over savage man : nay, hereby, in personal contests, 
not brute Strength, but Courage and ingenuity, can avail . . . 
If the story of Brother Schwartz's mortar giving fire and driv- 
ing his pestle through the ceiling ... is but a fable, — that 
of our first Book being printed there is much better ascertained. 
(E G Iy 430, 22-28; 431, 11.) 35, 21. — Such is the difference 



26 The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 

between God-creation and Tailor-creation. Great is the Tailor, 
but not the greatest. (G W 213, 35. Bo 144, 26.) 35, 22 ff. 
cf 180, 5. — Those Universities, and other Establishments and 
Improvements, were so many tools which the Spirit of the time 
had devised. (EGI^ 432, 11. ) Ibid. — Rudiments of an Epic, 
we say ; and of the true Epic of our Time, — were the genius 
but arrived that could sing it! Not 'Arms and the Man;' 
'Tools and the Man,' that were -now our Epic What in- 
deed are Tools, from the hammer and plummet of Enoch Ray 
to this Pen we now write with, but Arms, wherewith to do battle 
against Unreason. (C R 297, 13.) 

Chapter VI 37, 13. — Wiredrawn. (B, 297 15.) 38, 27-39, 
3. — . . . The Minerva Presses of all nations, and this their huge 
transit-trade in rags, all lifted from the dunghill, printed on 
and returned thither, to the comfort of parties interested . . . 
(E G L 414, 30; 431, 28. H A 387, 6.) 39, 21. — 'Satan's 
Invisible World displayed.' (G H 173, 15.) 

Chapter VII. 43, 20-29. — What good is it to me though 
innumerable Smolletts and Belshams keep dinning in my ears 
. . . That he who sat in chancery, and rayed out speculation 
from the Woolsack, was now a man that squinted, now a man 
that did not squint ? To the hungry and thirsty mind all this 
avails next to nothing. (Bo 134, 7.) 

Chapter VIII 45, 16. — No organ of truth but logic. (D 
365, 19; 366, 3. Bo 128, 32.) 46, 21 ff. — The Universe, of Man 
and Nature, is still quite shut up from them; the 'open secret' 
is still utterly a secret. . . Nothing but a pitiful Image of their 
own pitiful Self. . . so that the starry Ale, with whatsoever it 
embraces, does but appear as some expanded magic-lantern 
show of that same Image, — and naturally looks pitiful enough. 
(Bi hi, 7. D 366, 8-19.) 46, 29, — Inspired Volume of Na- 
ture. (Bi 112, 4.) 46, 31. — Dream-grotto. (EG 1,440,33.) 
47, 3-5. — "I travelled through the worlds, I mounted into the 
suns, and flew with the galaxies through the wastes of heaven; 
but there is no God. I descended as far as being casts its 
shadow, and looked into the abyss, and cried: Father, where 
art thou? but I heard only the eternal storm, which no one 
guides; and the gleaming rainbow from the west, without a 



The Growth of Sartor Resartus. * 27 

Sun that made it, stood over the abyss, and trickled down." 
(J R 33- Quoted also J A 240, with "went" substituted for 
"travelled," "down" added after " looked," "everlasting" 
substituted for " eternal," and the last sentence rendered, "the 
gleaming Rainbow of Creation hung without a Sun that made 
it, over the Abyss, and trickled down." From the first chapter 
of Richter's Siebenkas. Quoted substantially again, D 361, 28 
ff. cf. also from Carlyle's translation of Schiller's Don Carlos, 
Act in, Scenex: " Him, the maker we behold not; calm Heveils 
himself in everlasting laws. " 1/ S 94, 26.) 47, 5-13. — In that 
Stertorous last fever-sleep of our European world, must not 
Phantasms enough (born of the Pit, as all such are) flit past, 
in ghastly masquerading and chattering ? A low, scarce-aud- 
ible moan (in Parliamentary Petitions, Meal-mobs, Popish Riots, 
Treatises on Atheism) struggles from the moribund sleeper ; 
frees him not from his hellish guests and saturnalia: Phantasms 
these 'of a dying brain.' (CC 25, 29 ff.) 47, 18-26. — Nature, 
like the sphinx, her emblem. . . Now too her riddle had been 
propounded; and thousands of subtle, disputatious school-men 
were striving earnestly to read it, that they might live, morally 
live, that the monster might not devour them. These, like 
strong swimmers, in boundless, bottomless vortices of logic, 
swam manfully, but could not get to land. (EGL 390, 13. 
D 362, 16 ff.) 48, 22. — Nature is no longer dead, hostile 
Matter but the veil and mysterious Garment of the Unseen. 
(N 112, 21.) 48, 23 ff. — "Thus at the roaring I,oom of Time I 
ply, And weave for God the Garment thou seest him by." (J R 
33 N, C's translation of Richter's quotation for Faust. D 307,29.) 
50, 26. — "Straddling biped that wears breeches." (CC 3, 14.) 

Chapter IX. 54, 3. — Levees, and couchees. (V 48, 20.) 
54,33. — Pickle-herring farce. (G W 208, 10. C C 67, 7.) 
55, 4. — " An honest man you may form of windle-straws ; but 
to make a rascal you must have grist." (S 281 N, quoted 
from Schiller's Robbers, a passage offensive to the grand Duke 
of Wurtemberg. Re-quoted, L S 36 N. See also L S 250, 35; 
E G L 434, 30. 

Chapter X. 57,9. — Serbonian bog. (L 869,23.) 58,1-10. 
cf. 217, 17. Every man, within that inconsiderable figure of his, 



28 • The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 

contains a whole Spirit-kingdom and Reflex of the All ; and, 
though to the eye but some six standard feet in size, reaches 
downwards and upwards, unsurveyable, fading into the regions 
of Immensity and of Eternity. (D 307, 24 ff.) Ibid. — "Nay, 
is not Man's Spirit (with all its infinite celestial-spaces) walled 
in within a six-feet Body, with integuments, and Malpighian 
mucuses, and capillary tubes; and has only five straight world- 
windows, of Senses, to open for the boundless, round-eyed, round- 
sunned All; — and yet it discerns and reproduces an All ! " 
(J A 185, 12 ff.) 58, 18-19. — Chrysostom, or Mouth-of-Gold. 
(C C 53, 13. D 372, 18.) 58, 20. — Man is ever ... a Revela- 
tion of God to man. (Bo 183, 23. C C 1, 14.) 59, 10. — ' Dark 
with excess of light ' {sic). (V 21, 9.) 59, 16. — An eye for 
what is above him, not for what is about him or below him. 
(S 302, 20.) 59, 30. — Alas, what is the loftiest flight of genius, 
the finest frenzy that ever for moments united Heaven with 
Earth, to the perennial, never-failing joys of a digestive-appara- 
tus thoroughly eupeptic ? (S 289, 28 ff. D 311, 32.) 60, 1 ff. 
cf. 245, 16. — For Goethe, as for Shakespeare, the world lies . . . 
encircled with Wonder. (G W 262, n.) 61, 2. — Rome was 
once saved by geese (D 340, 11.) 61, 18. He walks through 
the land of wonders, unwondering. (S T 153, 15. H 252, 18.) 
61, 20. — ' That closet-logic' (Quoted from Novalis, V 79, 11. 
B 305, 8 ; 307, 17 ; 318, 13. V 23, 4 ; 30, 26. E G L 39°, 19- 
Ch 51, 10. Bo 128, 32.) 61, 26. — This world of ours ... is 
also a ' Mystic Temple and Hall of Doom.' (CC27, 24. L, S 
67, 13.) 62, 2.— Dilettante. (T S 8, 19; 40, 8. ST 170, 16. 
G W 248, 10.) 

Chapter XI. 63, 6. — It is a rustic, rude existence ; barren 
moors, with the smoke of Forges rising over the waste expanse. 
(CR291, 6.) 63,20,21. — The All (D 307, 25.) 63, 25. — 
The living Force of a new man. (C R 275, 31.) 67, 14, — But 
we may excite a very differerent sort of interest if we represent 
each remarkable occurrence that happened to men as of import- 
ance to man. (L, S 126, 22, Bi 96, 7. G W 209, 29.) 67, 
16. — Define to thyself judicious reader, the real significance of 
these phenomena. . . the sum total of which . . . constitutes 
that other grand phenomenon still called ' Conversation.' 



The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 29 

Do they not mean wholly: Biography and Autobiography ? 
(Bi 97, 24.) 67, 21 and 68, 25. — "Empire-free, Highly-well- 
born, Particularly-much-to-be- venerated, Lord Privy Counsel- 
lor ! " (I,S 257, 17O 



BOOK II. 



Chapter I. 73,7. — Rosbach. (V36, 11.) 73,22. — The Span- 
ish Cid. (N L. 379, 34.) 73, 27. — Camisado. (LS 128, 9). 76, 
32-77, 7. — Know, then, that in the year 1743, in the city of Pal- 
ermo, in Sicily, the family of Signor Pietro Balsamo, a shop- 
keeper, were exhilarated by the birth of a Boy. Such occuren- 
ces have now become so frequent that miraculuous as they are, 
they occasion little astonishment. (CC12, 15 ff.) 78, 9. — Walter 
Shandy. (Ch 51, 2.) 79, 3, and note. — Outwardly in his five 
senses, inwardly in his 'sixth sense, that of vanity,' nothing 
straitened. (C C 7, 31.) Ibid. — If we consider Beppo's great 
Hunger, now that new senses were unfolding in him . . . (C C 
18, 11.) 79, 27. cf. 90, 16. — A modest, still nature. (8275,9.) 

Chapter II. For the spirit of the opening paragraph com- 
pare Ch 47, 16 ff : Most of us, looking back on young years, 
may remember seasons of a light, aerial translucency and elas- 
ticity, and perfect freedom ; the body had not yet become the 
prison-house of the soul, but was its vehicle and implement, 
like a creature of the thought, and altogether pliant to its bid- 
ding. We knew not that we had limbs, we only lifted, hurled, 
and leapt ; through eye and ear, and all avenues of sense, came 
clear unimpeded tidings from without, and from within issued 
clear, victorious force ; we stood as in the centre of Nature, giv- 
ing and receiving, in harmony with it all ; unlike Virgil's Hus- 
bandman, ' too happy because we did not know our blessedness. ' 
In those days, health and sickness were foreign traditions that 
did not concern us ; our whole being was as yet One, the whole 
man like an incorporated Will. 83, 2. — The epoch when he 
passed out of long-clothes. (C C 13, 2.) 83, 14. — The picture 
of the boy Schiller contemplating the thunder. (L, S 14, 2 



30 The Growth of Sartor Resarttjs.. 

83, 16 ff. — That foolish piece of gilt wood, there glittering sun- 
lit, with its reflex wavering in the Mayn waters, is awakening 
quite another glitter in the young gifted soul : is not this foolish 
sun-lit splendor also, now when there is an eye to behold it, one 
of Nature's doings ? The eye of the young seer is here, through 
the paltriest chink, looking into the infinite Splendors of Nature, 
— where, one day, himself is to enter and dwell. (G W 229, 20 ff.) 

83, 19. — The Alphabet, and that in gilt letters. (N 84, 10.) 

84, 9-30. — It is a great truth, one side of a great truth, that the 
Man makes the Circumstances, and spiritually as well as econ- 
omically, is the artificer of his own fortune. But there is 
another side of the same truth, that the man's circumstances 
are the element he is appointed to live and work in ... so that 
in- another no less genuine sense, it can be said that the Circum- 
stances make the Man. (D 360, 1 ff. L, H 389, 18. S T 157, 
23 ff. G W 225, 21.) 84, 15, and note. — The preservation of 
his game. (B 288, 14; 340, 14. V 9, 8. D 339, 13 ff ; 345, 
22. C C 2, 14; 60, 27.) 86, 11. — For every road Will lead one 
to the end o' th' World. C.'s translation of Wilhelm Tell, in 
L, S 211,37.) 87, 24 ff. — In childhood, the most unheeded, but 
by far the most important era of existence, — as it were, the still 
creation-days of the whole future man, — he had breathed the 
only wholesome atmosphere of affection and joy. (S 283, 24 ff. 
For the figure, see C R 289, 33.) 87, 31. — Our first self-con- 
sciousness is the first revelation to us of a whole universe, won- 
drous and altogether good : it is a feeling of joy and new-found 
strength, of mysterious infinite hope and capability. (EG I, 
391, 32 ff.) 88, 10-14 (°f J 66, 16). — An iron, ignoble circle of 
necessity embraces all things. (Ch 77, 29. G H 171, 31. Ch 
54, 33. G W 228, 10.) 88, 34 (cf 166, 16). — Necessity and 

'Free-will. (C C 31, 16.) 90,1. — 'The veiled Holy-of-Holies of 
man.' (Quoted from Richter, J A 189, 13. J 24, 14. G 1,46, 

Chapter III. (For examples of mis-education, see L, S 18, 
5 ff; 28, 3. G W 233, 27. ST 148, 15 ff. C R 275, 27.) 
9;, 24. — Rights of Man. (I, S 206, 31.) 94, 30 — 95, 5. — 'The 
process of teaching and living was conducted with the stiff form- 
ality of military drilling ; everything went on by statute and 



The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 31 

ordinance; there was no scope for the exercise of free-will, no 
allowance for the varieties of original structure. . . The same 
strict and narrow course of reading and composition was marked 
out for each beforehand, and it was by stealth if he read or wrote 
anything beside. (S 276, 36 ff.) 95, 15. — Mere vocables. 
(S 270, 6.) 95, 18. — Gerund-grinder. (X H 358, 18, cf G 237, 
32.) 95,20. — Mere Nurnberg wax- work. (T S 37, 16.) 95, 
33, and Note. — The fit use of such a man is as hodman ; not 
feeling the plan of the edifice, let him carry stones to it. (D 
359, 2 ff.) 96/18-22. How much more when , our sunset was 
of a living sun ; and its bright countenance and shining return 
to us, not on the morrow, but 'no more again, at all, forever!' 
(D G 197, 12 ff.) 99, 21-27. — Leipsic University has the hon- 
or of matriculating him. The name of his 'propitious mother' 
she may boast of, but not of the reality : alas, in these daj^s, 
the University of the Universe is the only propitious mother 
of such ; all other propitious mothers are but unpropitious 
superannuated dry-nurses fallen bedrid, from whom the 
famished nursling has to steal even bread and water, if 
he will not die. (G W 239, 14 ff.) 99, 33. — The blind lead- 
ing the blind, both fall into the ditch. (GW 216, 31.) roo, 
26. — Puffery. (See 11, 1.) 102, 21. — "Progress of the 
species." (L, S 127, 9 ; G W 265, 33 ; 267, 30. cf V 41, 16.) 
102, 28. cf 148, 17, — 'The soul, which by nature looks Heaven- 
ward, is without a temple, in this age.' (Quoted from Richter, 
J A 236, 32. S T 165, 12. D G 201, 11.) 102, 29. — Here and 
there some traces of new foundation, of new building up, may 
now also, to the eye of Hope, disclose themselves. (D 307, 10. 
C C 29, 22-30.) 102, 31.— Thought must needs be Doubt and 
Inquiry, before it can again be Affirmation and Sacred Precept. 
(Ch 80, 17.) 104, 5. — Men are grown mechanical in head and 
heart. [S T 150, 19.) 104, 24. — Like a frightful dream. 
(S T 144, 18.) 107,5. cf 150, 20; 210, 29. — Friendship, in 
the old heroic sense of that term, no longer exists; except in the 
cases of kindred or other legal affinity ; it is in reality no longer 
expected, or recognized as a virtue among men. (B 338, 28 ff. 
cf Ch 61, 23-27.) 107, 11. cf 146, 28.— 'What good is it,' will 
such cry, 'when we had still some faint shadow of belief that 



32 The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 

man was better than a selfish Digesting- machine, what good is 
it to poke in, at every turn, and explain how this and that 
which we thought noble in old Samuel, was vulgar, base ; that 
for him too that was no reality but in the stomach. . . ?' (Bo 
118, 25.) 

Chapter IV. — 108, 2-6, and note. — If that man is a 
benefactor to the world who causes two ears of corn to grow 
where only one grew before, much more is he a benefactor who 
causes two truths to grow up together in harmony and mutual 
confirmation, where before only one stood solitary, and, on that 
side at least, intolerant and hostile. (G L 39, 27 ff.) 113, 12. 
— Skyey messengers. (N L 342, 24.) 115, 30. — Sphinx 
question. (G W 259, 16.) 117, 9. — Holy Alliance. (G W 
213, 30. D 343, 24.) 120, 1-20. — One Life is too servilely the 
copy of another . . . nothing but the old song sung by a new 
voice . . . and for the words, these, all that they meant stands 
written generally as the churchyard-stone: Nahis sum : esurie- 
3am, quterebam ; nunc repletus requiesco. (Bo 140, 14. cf B 340, 
14 and 15. Bo 176, 13. D 340, 28 ff.) 

Chapter V. 121, 24-28. — The world without us and with- 
in us beshone by the young light of Love, and all instinct with 
a divinity, is beautiful and great. (E G L 392,) 2. 123, 11. 
Not unvisited of skyey messengers. (NL342, 24.) 125, 9. — Wer- 
terism. (V 34, 34. G W 251, 7.) 129, 15-17. — This period 
also passed away, with its good and its evil ; of which chiefly 
the latter seems to be remembered ; for we scarcely ever find 
the affair alluded to, except in terms of contempt, by the title 
Aufklarerey (Illuminationism); and its partisans, in subse- 
quent satirical controversies, received the nickname of Philistern 
(Philistines). (G L 74, 17 ff. T S 30, 30.) 130, 25-27. — 
Whether in that ceremonial joining of hands there might not 
be some soft, slight pressure, of far deeper import, is what our 
Singer will not take upon him to say • however, he thinks the 
affirmative more probable. (N L 348, 32 ff.) 133, 7. — la 
Thurtell's trial (says the Quarterly Review) occurred the fol- 
lowing colloquy : l Q. What sort of person was Mr. Weare? 
A. He was always a respectable person. Q. What do you 
mean by respectable person? A. He kept a gig.' — Since 



Thk Growth of Sartor Resartus. 33 

then we have seen a 'Defensio Gigmanicq, Apology for the 
Gigmen of Great Britian,' composed not without eloquence, 
and which we hope one day to prevail on our friend, a man of 
some whims, to give to the public. (J A 210, 3 and Note. cf. 
Bo 124, 15, and Note. Also see B 346, 28. G W 227, 23. Bo 
164, 30. C C 6, 5; 34, 5.) 

Chapter VI. 135, 9. — Satanic Schools. (G W. 251, 15. 
CR269, 7.) 138, 30. — The sternest sum-total of all worldly 
misfortunes is Death; nothing more can lie in the cup of human 
woe : yet many men, in all ages, have triumphed over Death, 
and led it captive. (B 342, 8. N L, 361, 22. C R 278, 28.) 
139, 16-31. — Accordingly, he sees but a little way into Nature : 
the mighty All, in its beauty, and infinite mysterious grandeur, 
humbling the small Me into nothingness, has never even for 
moments been revealed to him. (V 20, 25.) 140, 16. — Pic- 
turesque tourists. (B 333, 8.) 143, 16, and Note. — 'The end 
of man, ' it was long ago written, 'is an Action, not a Thought.' 
(Ch 72, 11 ; 74, 31 ; EGL 392, 18. D 313, 2.) 144, 29.— 
Behold a Byron, in melodious tones, 'cursing his day.' (Ch 79, 
8; 77, 8. C R 293, 22. TS16, 6.) 144,31. See 162, 13.— 
Every great man, Napoleon himself, is intrinsically a poet, an 
idealist, with more or less completeness of utterrance. (L, P 
258, 18.) 

Chapter VII. (For the title, see D 362, 34: The Eternal 
No. See also similar experiences of Goethe, G W 255, and 
Schiller, L, S 152. Also see Moor's soliloquy on suicide in 
The Robbers, S 308, 309. For reference to such experience, see 
B 324, 25; Ch 78, 29.) 145, 26. cf 149, 27. — He . . . cannot 
reach the only true happiness of a man, that of clear, decided 
Activity in the sphere for which, by a nature and circumstances, 
he has been fitted and appointed. (B 321, 16. Ch 61, 29. 
G W 243, 17.) 146, 25-147, 22. — Religion in most countries, 
more or less in every country, is no longer what it was, and 
should be, — a thousand-voiced psalm from the heart of Man to 
his invisible Father, the fountain of all Goodness, Beauty, Truth, 
and revealed in every revelation of these ; but for the most part, 
a wise, prudential feeling grounded on mere calculation ; a 
matter, as all others now are, of Expediency and Utility; where- 



34 The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 

by some smaller quantum of earthly enjoyment may be ex- 
changed for a far larger quantum of celestial enjoyment. Thus 
Religion, too, is Profit ; a working for wages ; not Reverence, 
but vulgar Hope or Fear. (S T 165, 15 ff. T S 30, iff. 
Ch. 76, 24 ff.) 146, 28. cf. 107, 11. — So far as men are not 
mere digesting-machines. (H 147, 23.) 147, 29. cf. 174, 20. 
147, 10-21. — There is no resource for it, but to get into that 
interminable ravelment of Reward and Approval, virtue being 
its own reward ; and assert louder and louder, — contrary to the 
stern experience of all men, from theDivineMan, expiring with 
agony of blood sweat on the accursed tree, down to us two, O 
reader (if we have ever done one Duty) — that Virtue is synony- 
mous with Pleasure. Alas ! was Paul, an apostle of the Gentiles, 
virtuous ; and was virtue its own reward, when his approving 
conscience told him that he was ' the chief of sinners, ' and 
(bounded to this life alone) ' of all men the most miserable ? ' 
(D 370, 7 ff. C C 27, 10. H 254, 12.) 147, 13. — Dr. Gra- 
hams. (C C 25, 21.) 147, 17. — Nero [with quotation from 
Tacitus concerning Nero's punishment of the Christians.] (V 
3, 23 ff. C C 27, 11.) 147,19- cf. 149, 5; 151, 4.— 'Nay, 
more, this hatred of Religion . . . changed the infinite, creative 
music of the Universe into the monotonous clatter of a bound- 
less Mill, which, turned by the stream of Chance, and swimming 
thereon, was a Mill of itself, without Architect and Miller, pro- 
perly, a genuine perpetuum mobile, a real, self-grinding Mill.' 
(Quoted from Novalis, V 77, 35 ff- ST 150, 12.) 148, 7-20. 
— cf. Bo 160, 34 ff : If, as for a devout nature was inevitable 
and indispensable, he looked up to Religion, as to the pole-star 
of his voyage, already there was no fixed pole-star any longer 
visible ; but two stars, a whole constellation of stars, each pro- 
claiming itself as the true. There was the red portentous comet- 
star of Infidelity; the dimmer and dimmer-burning fixed star 
... of Orthodoxy . . . 148, 17. — cf. 102, 28. 148, 30. — No one 
that sees into the significance of Johnson, will say that his prime 
object was not Truth. (Bo 183, 1 ; 155, 1.) 149, 16. — The true 
wretchedness lies here: that the difficulty remain and the 
strength be lost. (Ch 76, 19. GW261, 9.) 149,27. — 'Know 
thyself, value thyself, is a moralist's commandment (which I 



The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 35 

only half approve of) ; but Know others, value others, is the hest 
of Nature herself • Or again, Work while it is called To-day: is 
not that also the irreversible law of being for mortal man ? ' 
(Quoted from Herr Sauerteig, C C 3, 5 ff.) 151, 26. — He . . . 
does not hang or drown himself, clearly understanding that death 
of itself will soon save him that trouble. (V 35, n.) 152, 7. 
A beautiful death ; like that of a soldier found faithful at his 
post, and in the cold hand his arms still grasped ! (D G 195, 
10.) 152, 33. See 138, 30. 153, 21. — For a decrepit, death- 
sick Era, when Cant had first decisively opened her poison- 
breathing lips to proclaim . . . that Life was a Lie, and the 
Earth Beelzebub's. (Bo 127, 20.) 153, 23. — Let his history 
teach all whom it concerns, to . . . say composedly to the Prince 
of the Power of this lower Earth and Air : Go thou thy way ; 
I go mine ! (D 336, 25 ff.) 

Chapter VIII. 154,18. — Howling and Ernulphus'-cursing. 
(D 362, 5.) 155, 10. — The Present is the living sum-total of 
the whole Past. (Ch 87, n. G W 209, 17; 258, 12.) Ibid. — 
" Always one age produces and fashions the next: on the 
golden stands the silver ; this forms the brass ; and on the 
shoulders of all stands the iron." (Quoted from Richter, J R 
31.) 155 and 156. — The venerator of the Past (and to what 
pure heart is the past, in that 'moonlight of memory,' other 
than sad and holy ?) sorrows not over its departure, as one 
utterly bereaved. The true Past departs not; no Truth or Good- 
ness realized by man ever dies, or can die ; but is all still here, 
and, recognized or not, lives and works through endless changes 
. . . Thus in all Poetry, Worship, Art, Society, as one form 
passes into another, nothing is lost ; it is but the superficial, as 
it were the body only, that grows obsolete and dies ; under the 
mortal body lies a soul that is immortal ; that anew incarnates 
itself in fairer revelation. (Ch 86, 28 ff.) 156, 1. — Tubalcain. 
(C R, 291, 9.) 156, 7 ff. cf. 223, 25. Laws themselves, political 
Constitutions, are not our Life, but only the house wherein our 
life is led : nay, they are but the bare walls of the house ; all 
whose essential furniture, the inventions and traditions, and 
daily habits that regulate and support our existence, are the 
work not of Dracos and Hampdens, but of Phoenician mariners, 



36 The Growth op Sartor Resartus. 

of Italian masons and Saxon metallurgists, of philosophers, 
alchemists, prophets, and all the long forgotten train of artists 
and artisians. (H248, 2 ff.) 156, 20-157, 18.— But what, after 
all, is meant by unedzccated, in a time when Books have come 
into the world ; come to be household furniture in every habi- 
tation of the civilized world ? In the poorest cottage are Books; 
is one Book, wherein for several thousands of years the spirit of 
man has found light, and nourishment, and an interpreting 
response to whatever is Deepest in him. . . 'In Books lie the 
creative Phoenix-ashes of the whole Past. ' All that men have 
devised, discovered, done, felt, or imagined, lies recorded in 
Books ; wherein whoso has learned the mystery of spelling 
printed letters, may find it, and appropriate it. (C R 275, 11. 
V 82, 19 ff. EGL 431, 21.) 156, 31. — The rude History and 
Thoughts of those same ' Juifs miserables ', the barbaric War- 
song of a Deborah and Barak, the rapt prophetic Utterance of 
an unkempt Isaiah, last now (with deepest significance) say 
only these three thousand years. (D 380, 17 ff. ) 157, 2-6. — 
What are the conquests and expeditions of the whole corpora- 
tion of captains, from Walter the Pennyless to Napoleon Bona- 
parte, compared with these 'movable types ' of Johannes Faust? 
Truly, it is a mortifying thing for your Conqueror to reflect, 
how perishable is the metal which he hammers with such vio- 
lence. (V 5, 20. H 247, 25 ff. ) 157, 3. — Which actually is 
a kind of Book, and no empty paste-board case, and simulacrum 
or ' ghost-defunct' of a Book. (C R 271, 6. B 291, 7.) 159, 
2-15. — Thus, do not recruiting sergeants drum through the 
streets of manufacturing towns, and collect ragged losels enough; 
every one of whom, if once dressed in red, and trained a little, 
will receive fire cheerfully for the small sum of one shilling 
per diem, and will have the soul blown out of him at last, with 
perfect propriety. (Bo 180, 21. K G 1,430, 32.) 161, 17. — 
' All History ... in so far as it is a affair of memory, can 
only be reckoned a sapless, heartless thistle for pedantic chaf- 
finches ; — but, on the other hand, like Nature, it has highest 
value, in as far as we, by means of it, as by means of Nature, 
can divine and read the Infinite Spirit, who, with Nature and 
History, as with letters, legibly writes to us.' (Quoted from 



The Growth op Sartor .Resartus. 37 

Richter, J A 191, Note.) 161, 15-25.— These are properly our 
Men, our Great Men; the guides of the dull host,— which 
follows them as by an irrevocable decree. They are the chosen 
of the world : they had this rare faculty not only of ' supposing ' 
and ' inclining to think, ' but of knowing and believing ; the 
nature of their being was, that they lived not by Hearsay but 
by clear Vision. (Bo 143, 23. S 290, 28.) 161, 18— 'His- 
tory,' it has been said, 'is the essence of innumerable Biogra- 
phies.' (Bi 99, 5. Bo 137 5-) 161,23.— A natural and harm- 
less feeling attracts us towards such a subject : we are anxious 
to know how so great a man passed through the world,— how 
he lived, and moved, and had his being ; and the question, if 
properly investigated, might yield advantage as well as pleasure. 
(I, S 10, 8 ff. V 9, 15.) 161, 24.— At Dijon, there were per- 
sons of distinction that wished even to dress themselves 'as 
waiters, that they might serve him [Voltaire] at supper, and 
see him by this stratagem. (V 47, 7. 8264,11.) 162, 13.— 
See 144, 31. 164, 10. See 34, 30-34.— The Dwarf and the 
Giant are alike strong with pistols between them, (K G L, 430, 
28.) 165, 14. — Caput mortuum. (V 72, 22.) 

Chapter IX. Cf the similiar experience of Goethe : Till at 
length, in the third or final period, melodious Reverence be- 
comes triumphant : a deep all-pervading Faith. (G W 255, 33 
ff.) 166, 16-19; cf 88, 10 and 34.— This same struggle of hu- 
man Free-will against material Necessity, which every man's 
Life, by the mere circumstance that the man continues alive, 
will more or less victoriously exhibit. (Bi 97, 3 ; 99, 22 ; 108, 
12. ND369, 29. V 34, 8. LS 27, 25; 188, 15. E G L 
413,30. CR27i,32. GW226, 9.) 167,11. cf 177, 17 — 
To live as he [Goethe] counselled and commanded, not com- 
modiously in the Reputable, the Plausible, the Half, but reso- 
lutely in the Whole, the Good, the True: % Im Ganzen, Guten, 
Wahren resolut zu lebenV (DG205, 27. S 272, 14, and Note.. 
D 365, 5 ff; 357,3; 359, 28. B 342, 25. Bo 138, 24. C 
R 279, 21.) 167, 19.— He enjoyed the fiery conscious- 
ness of his own activity. (D S 239, 8. D 378, 18.) 167, 29— 
168, 6.— 'The special, sole, and deepest theme of the World's 
and Man's History,' says the Thinker of our time, 'whereto all 



38 The Growth op Sartor Resartus. 

other themes are subordinated, remains the Conflict of UnbE- 
uef and Belief.' (D 380, 28.) 168, 22. cf. 231, 16.— Holy of 
Holies. (E G L 389, 19.) 169, 14. — The true philosophical Act 
is annihilation of self (Selbsttodtzmg); this is the real begin- 
ning of all Philosophy ; all requisites for being a Disciple of 
Philosophy point hither. This Act alone corresponds to all the 
conditions and characteristics of transcendental conduct. 
(Quoted from Novalis, N 124, 22. D 371, 19. B 342, 17. L, W 
130, 7.) 169, 30-32. — The Life of man was encompassed and 
over-canopied by a glory of Heaven, even as his dwelling place 
by the azure vault. (Ch 77, 24.) 171, 12. — God's world, if 
made a House of Imprisonment, can also be a House of Prayer. 
(C R 285, 24.) 171, 33. — 'Sanctuary of Sorrow.' (N in, 9.) 
172, 24-34. — How mad it is to hope for contentment to our in- 
finite soul from the gifts of this extremely finite world! (B 324, 
16.) Ibid. — The poorest human soul is infinite in wishes. (G 
H 178, 22.) 173, 8. — Or this small Couplet, which .the reader, 
if he will, may substitute for whole' horse-loads of Essays on 
the Origin of Evil ....:' "What shall I teach thee, the fore- 
most thing ?" Couldst teach me off my own Shadow to Spring! ' 
(G W 257, 1 ff.) 173, 9-174, 16. — With a whirlwind impetu- 
osity he [Faust] rushes forth over the Universe to grasp all ex- 
cellence ; his heart yearns toward the infinite and the invisible: 
only that he knows not the conditions under which alone this 
is to be attained. Confiding in his feeling of himself, he has 
started with the tacit persuasions, so natural to all men, that 
he at least, however it may fare with others, shall and must be 
happy; a deep-seated, though only half-conscious conviction 
lurks in him, that whenever he is not successful, fortune has 
dealt with him unjustly . . . For in all his lofty aspirings . . . 
it has never struck him to inquire ... by what right he pre- 
tended to be happy, or could, some short space ago, have pre- 
tended to be at all. (G H 175,22 — 176, 4.) 173, 30. — That 
law of Self-denial, by which alone man's narrow destiny may be- 
come an infinitude within itself' (G H 178, 25.) 173, 34. — 
The sublime lesson of Resignation. (V 35, 17.) 174, 16. — In 
the nobler Literature of the Germans, say some, lie the rudi- 
ments of a new spiritual era ... at a time when . . . even 



The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 39 

our Byrons could utter but a death-song or despairing howl, 
the Moses' -wand has again smote from that Horeb refreshing 
streams. (T S 15, 33 — 16, 8.) 174, 16—175, 4. cf. 147, 
29. — If Happiness mean Welfare, there is no doubt but all men 
should and must pursue their Welfare, that is to say, pursue 
what is worthy of their pursuit. But if, on the other hand, 
Happiness mean, as for most men it does, 'agreeable sensations,' 
Enjoyment refined or not, then we must observe that there is a 
doubt ; or rather there is a certainty the other way. Strictly 
considered, this truth, that man has in him something higher 
than a I/Ove of Pleasure, take Pleasure in what sense you will, 
has been the text of all true Teachers and Preachers, since the 
beginning of the world. (S 292, i2ff.) 175, 23. — The ancient 
creative Inspiration, it would seem, is still possible in these 
ages. (T S 16, 2.) 176, 3-9. — Will Mr. Taylor mention what 
it was that Voltaire reformed! Many things he ^-formed, de- 
servedly and undeservedly, but the thing that he formed or re- 
formed is still unknown'to the world. (T S 29, 30. Bo 164, 26; 
191, 3. V 69, 21. C R 301, 19.) 176, 16 and 17. — 
'No explanation is required for Holy Writing. Whoso speaks 
truly is full of eternal life, and wonderfully related to genuine 
mysteries does his Writing appear to us.' (Quoted from Novalis, 
N 114, 20.) Ibid. — 'Can Miracles work Conviction? Or is 
not real Conviction, this highest function of our soul and per- 
sonality, the only true God-announcing Miracle?' (Quoted from 
Novalis, 128, 26.) 176, 22, and see C's Index under "Bible 
of Universal History." — In essence and significance it [History] 
has been called 'the true Epic Poem, and Universal Divine 
Scripture, whose "plenary inspiration" no man (out of Bedlam, 
or in it) shall bring in question.' (H A 392, 3. C C 2, 33. V 
70, 8. J A 191, Note. H 254, 22.) 177, 7. — A mere Ossian's 
'feast of shells,' — the food and liquor being all emptied out and 
clean gone. (Bi 99, 33 ff.) 177, 14. — 'Fitchte's Philosophy 
too is perhaps applied Christianity.' (Quoted from Novalis, N 
128, 25.) 177, 17. See 167, 11. 177, 26. — Doubt is the indis- 
pensable, inexhaustible material whereon Action works, which 
Action has to fashion into Certainty and Reality. (Ch 73, 6 ; 
75,9. ST 154,9.) 177,31. — Our grand business undoubtedly 



40 The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 

is, not to see what lies dimly at a distance, but to do what lies 
clearly at hand. (S T 143, 4. Bo 145, 26 ; 167,4.) 178, 11. 
— For he [Goethe] has conquered his unbelief; the Ideal has 
been built on the actual. (G 249, 28 ; 231,25. B 302, 5. S 
271, 22. G Po 94, 15. D 365, 3.) 179, 5 and Note. — Noch 
ist es Tag, da ruhre sick der Man?i, Die Nacht tritt ein, wo nie- 
mand wirken kann. (G P 435, 11. Ch 91, 33; 75, 32. G W 
267, 7. V 76, 25.) 

Chapter X. 180, 5, cf 35, 22 ff. 180, 19. — This noble art 
[printing], which is like an infinitely intensated organ of 
Speech. (E G L 431, 21.) 180, 23. — L,et a man but speak 
forth with genuine earnestness the thought, the emotion, the 
actual condition, of his own heart ; and other men . . . must 
and will give heed to him. (B 297, 33 ff.) 180, 33. — A seed 
cast into the seedfield of Time. (C C 14, 16.) 184, 2-11. — 
[Gives the gist of H.] 184, 17, and Note, also Note on 199, 
19. — Serpent-of- eternity. (G W 256, Note.) 185, 26, and 
Note. — L,et us mark well the road he fashioned for himself, and 
in the dim weltering chaos rejoice to find a paved way. (G W 
266, 6. C R 297, 5.) 



BOOK III. 
Chapter I. 189, 19. cf 192, 25. — Human perfectibility. 
(L, S 147, 18. S 301, 28.) 189, 20-24. — The time may come, 
when Napoleon himself will be better known for his laws than 
for his battles; and the victory of Waterloo prove less moment- 
ous than the opening of the first Mechanics' Institute. (V 6, 
11.) 189,22. Peterloo. (V 12, 23. Bo 181, 13.) 189,25. George 
Fox . . . laboring with a poetic, a religious idea. (G L 79, IJ -) 
189, 28, arid note. — ' Divine Idea of the World.' (J A 243, 14. 
V21, 1.) 191, 24. — To the young Strasburg student [Goethe] 
the gods had given their most precious gift ... a seeing eye 
and a faithful, loving heart : l Er hatf ein Auge treu and king, ' 
&c (G W 250, 21 ff. B 303, 9; 305, 19. Bi 109, 13 and 32. 
Bo 123, 9; 1288; 168,6. C R 280, 20. D 331, 20. H A 
386, 29.) 191, 34 and Note. — The grand Vanity fair of the 
World. (Bo 143, 30.) 



The Growth op Sartor Resartus. 41 

Chapter II. 194, 15 — 195, 12 and Note on 194, 28.— But 
with regard to Morals strictly so called, it is in Society, we 
might almost say, that Morality begins . . . Man has joined 
himself with man ; soul acts and reacts on soul ; a mystic, 
miraculous, unfathomable Union establishes itself ; Life, in all 
its elements, has become intensated, consecrated. The light- 
ning spark of Thought, generated, or say rather heaven-kindled, 
in the solitary mind, awakens its express likeness in another 
mind, in a thousand other minds, and all blaze up together in 
combined fire. . . Last, as the crown and all-supporting key- 
stone of the fabric, Religion arises. The devout meditation of 
the isolated man, which flitted through his soul, like a transient 
tone of Love and Awe from unknown lands, acquires certainty, 
continuance, when it is shared in by his brother men. ' Where 
two or three are gathered together,' in the name of the Highest, 
then first does the Highest, as it is written, ' appear among them 
to bless them ' . . . Such is Society . . . the standing wonder 
of our existence ; a true region of the supernatural. (Ch 57 
and 58.) 195, 22 and 196, 21. cf. 204, 3. A Symbol, indeed 
[the church], waxing old as doth a garment. (Bo 167, 14.) 
I 95> 3 1 — !9 6 > 17- Every Society, every Polity, has a spiritual 
principle; is the embodiment, tentative, and more or less com- 
plete, of an Idea. . . . This idea, be it of devotion to a Man or 
class of Men, to a Creed, to an Institution, or even, as in more 
ancient times, to a piece of land, is ever a true Loyalty ; has in 
it something of a religious, paramount, quite infinite 
character ; it is properly the Soul of the State, its Life. (Ch 60, 
1 ff. ) 196, 20-27. — 'And when I looked up toward the im- 
measurable world for the Divine eye, it glared down on me 
with an empty, bottomless eye-socket; and eternity lay upon 
chaos, eating it and re-eating it. Cry on, ye discords ! Cry 
away the shadows, for He is not!' (Quoted from Richter, 
J R 33. D 361, 34 ff. ) 196, 22. cf. 214, 10. — Hollow masks. 
(J 16, 16.) 

Chapter III — 197, 23. cf. 199, 34. — Strangely, from its 
dim environment, the light of the Highest looks through him. 
(Bo 143, 5.) 198, 3-26. — Speak not, I passionately entreat 
thee, till thy thought have silently matured itself, till thou 



42 The Growth op Sartor Resartus. 

have other than mad and mad-making noises to emit : hold thy 
tongue (thou hast it a-holding) till some meaning lie behind, 
to set it wagging. Consider the significance of Silence : it is 
boundless . . . ' Speech is silvern, Silence is golden ; Speech is 
human, Silence is divine.' (Bo 139, 7 ff ; 182, 11.) 198, 27 — 
199, 11, — What feeling it was in the ancient, devout, deep soul, 
which of Marriage made a Sacrament : this, of all things in the 
world, is what Denis will think of for aeons, without discovering 
. . . How shall he for whom nothing that cannot be jargoned of 
in debating-clubs exists, have any faintest forecast of the depth, 
significance, divineness of SiEENCE ; of the sacredness of 
' Secrets known to all? ' (D 368, 29 — 369, 26. N Iy 354, 13.) 
199, 19. See 184, 17. 199, 34. See 197, 23. 200, 13. See 151, 
4. 200, 14-32. — Those attempts to parcel out the invisible, 
mystical Soul of Man, with its infinitude of phases and character, 
into shop-lists of what are called 'faculties,' ' motives,' and 
such like. (D 375, 6.) 200, 24. — Genius of Mechanism. (S 
T 150, 12 ; 162, 15. Ch 55, 4. D 359, 24 ; 362, 10 ; 366, 24 ; 
369, 20.) 201, 11. — For if the Poet, or Priest, or by whatever 
title the inspired thinker may be named, is. the sign of vigor 
and well-being ; so likewise is the Logician, or uninspired 
thinker, the sign of disease, probably of decreptitude and decay. 
(Ch 62, 8. B 307, 17.) 201, 29. — Kaiser Joseph. (C C 18, 
17.) 203, 11. — ' The life of every man,' says our friend Herr 
Sauerteig, ... 'is a Poem.' (C C 1, 1. G W 207, 22.) 203, 
16. — ' Death,' says the Philosopher, ' is a commingling of Eter- 
nity with Time ; in the death of a good man, Eternity is seen 
looking through Time.' (D G 197, 25. Bo 132, 13. D 357, 
32.) 203, 19. — We reckon that every poet of Burns's order is, 
or should be, a prophet and teacher to his age. (B 341, 23 ; 
345, 10. E G Iy 440, 34.) 204, 3. See 195, 22. — For will not 
our own age, one day, be an ancient one ; and have as quaint 
a costume as the rest . . . ? (B 301, 24.) 204, 11. — Mumbo- 
jumbos. (Bo 144, 4.) 204, 26-29. — For in poetry we have 
heard of no secret . . . except this one general secret : that the 
poet be a man of a purer, higher, richer nature than other men; 
which higher nature shall itself . . . have taught him the proper 
form for embodying its inspirations, as indeed the imperishable 



The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 43 

beauty of these will shine, with more or less distinctness, 
through any form whatever. (G P 430, 6 ff.) 205, 8. — This 
Rag-fair of a world. (G Po 94, 12.) 

Chapter IV. 205,14. — Repression of Population. (Ch 66, 
22. C C 2, 14; 26, 13. This last passage suggests the sub- 
ject of the chapter.) 206, ioff. — How comes it, that he alone of 
all the British rustics who tilled and lived along with him, on 
whom the blessed sun on that same ' fifth day of September ' 
was shining, should have chanced to rise on us ; that this four 
pair of clouted shoes, out of the million million hides that have 
been tanned, and cut, and worn, should still subsist, and hang 
visibly together ? (Bi 107, 18.) 206, 25. — Though but a hard- 
handed peasant, a complete and fully unfolded Man. (B 322, 
17.) 206, 31. — Defaced and obstructed yet glorious man; 
archangel though in ruins, — or rather, though in rubbish, of 
encumbrances and mud-incrustations, which also are not to be 
perpetual. (B0170, Note.) 207,4-13. — Clear, in the meanwhile, 
it is that the true Spiritual Edifier and Soul's-Father of all 
England was, and till very lately continued to be, the man 
named Samuel Johnson. (Bo 176, 23. C R 287, 9.) 207, 20 
ff . — How were it if we surmised, that for a man gifted with 
natural vigor, with a man's character to be developed in him, 
more especially if in the way of Literature, as Thinker and 
Writer, it is actually, in these strange days no special misfor- 
tune to be trained up among the Uneducated classes, and not 
among the Educated ; but rather of two misfortunes the smaller? 
(C R 272, 30 ff.) 207, 32 ff.— The Craftsman, too, has an in- 
heritance in Earth; and even in Heaven. (C R 291, 10.) 
208, 13. — There are some thirty-six persons that manifest it 
[the Courage that dares only die~] . . . during every second of 
time. (Bo 180, 30.) 209, 1 ff. Mournful enough, that a white, 
European man must pray wistfully for what the horse he drives 
is sure of. (C R 293, 10.) 

Chapter V. (For the general idea of the chapter see Ch 58, 
32 ff ; 65, 2ff. cf. G W 259, 6; C R 269, 10; 275, 22. D 342, 
33. C C 28, 13, 29, 2. Bo 160, 6.) 210, 29. — See 107, 5. 
2 1 1, ,10. — Sad to look upon, in the highest stage of civilization, 
nine-tenths of mankind must struggle in the lowest battle of 



44 The; Growth of Sartor Resartus. 

savage or even animal man, the battle against Famine. (Ch 
67.27.) 212,7. cf 214, 16. — Utilitarian. (V 1, 5. GW223, 
15.) 'Laws of Mechanism'. (Quoted from Novalis, V 79, 14. 
H 252, 27.) 213, 14-24. — The fever of Skepticism must needs 
burn itself out, and burn out thereby the Impurities that caus- 
ed it ; then again will there be clearness, health. The prin- 
ciple of Life, which now struggles painfully, in the outer, thin 
and barren domain of the Conscious or Mechanical, may then 
withdraw into its inner Sanctuaries, its abysses of mystery and 
Miracle ; withdraw deeper than ever into that domain of the 
Unconscious, by nature infinite and inexhaustible; and. creatively 
work there. (Ch 88, 19 ff. ) 213, 21 and Note. — 'Vested in- 
terests.' (S T 159, 15.) 214, 10. See 196, 22. 214, 16. — 
Utilitarian. (V 1,5. T S 30, 32. G L 61, 10.) 214, 24-28. 
— So that Society, were it by nature immortal, and its death 
ever a new birth, might appear, as it does in the eyes of some, 
to be sick to dissolution, and even now writhing in its last 
agony. (Ch 68, 12.) 

Chapter VI 217, 17. See 58, 1-10. 217, 23. — 'The 
father of all such as wear shovel-hats.' (D 357, 10. Bo 116, 
19.) 219, 17. — How grim was Life to him; a sick Prison- 
house. (Bo 182, 17. Ch 47, 19. C R 285, 25.) 220, 2. — 
Dionysius' Ear. (V 26, 24.) 220, 25. Delphic Oracle. (V 
27, 10. S T 146, 10.) 

Chapter VII. (For the subject matter of the chapter, see 
S T 167-171 ; T S 42, last f; Ch 85; GW 259.) 222,3 — 
Alas, with us and with our sons (for a generation or two), it is 
almost still worse, — were it not that in Birth-throes there is 
ever hope, in Death-throes the final departure of Hope. (C C 
25, 3. G W 212, 18. D 371, 21.) 223, 25 ff. See 156, 7ft. 
225, 17. — Thus the universal title of respect, from the Oriental 
Scheik, from the Sachem of the red Indians, down to our English 
Sir, implies only that he whom we mean to honor is our Senior. 
(Ch 57, 33ff.) 225, 26. — Kenned, which in those days still 
partially meant canned. (C R 276, 5.) 225, 33. — The true 
Autocrat and Pope is that man, the real or seeming Wisest of 
the past age ; crowned after death ; who finds his Hierarchy 
of gifted Authors, his clergy of assiduous journalists ; whose 



P 

• 



The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 45 

Decretals, written not on parchment, but on the living souls of 
men, it were an inversion of the I/aws.,of Nature to disobey. 
(T S 41, 26.) 227, 32 ff. — Great men are the Fire-pillars in 
this dark pilgrimage of mankind ; they stand as heavenly 
Signs; ever-living witnesses of what has been, prophetic token 
of what may still be, the revealed, embodied Possibilities of 
human nature ; which greatness he who has never seen, or 
rationally conceived of, and with his whole heart passionately 
loved and reverenced, is himself forever doomed to be little. 
(S 265, 4 ff. C C 1, 16.) 228. — (For the reverence of past 
men, see G W 212-218.) 228, jft. — Reverence, the highest 
feeling that man's nature is capable of, the crown of his whole 
moral manhood and precious like fine gold. (V 20, 19 ff. Bo 
130, 15. G W 209 ff.) 228, 15. — Hero-worship. (Bo 127, 
13.) 228, 31. 'Whenever a De Stael, with all her knowledge 
of our languages and authors . . . continues, nevertheless, 
Gothic in tongue and taste, what blossom-crops are we to look 
for from the dry timber?- (Quoted from Richter, J R 35.) 

229, 8. — There is, even to the modest man, no greatness so vener- 
able as intellectual, as spiritual greatness ; nay properly there 
is no other venerable at all. (Bo 170, Note.) 229, 15 — 230, 
15. — 'The man of Letters is, by instinct, opposed to a Priest- 
hood of old standing : the literary class and the clerical must 
wage a war of extermination, when they are divided ; for both 
strive after one place.' (Quoted from Novalis, V 77, 17 ff. T 

841.29. Ch 62, 2 ; 70, 4 ; 89, 33. 0330,19. L S 63, 19; 

235.30. H 256, 9. S 274, 10 ff.) 230, 1.— Religion, Poetry, 
is not dead ; it will never die. (G L, 93, 17. V 80, 21.) 230, 
3. — The lowest of froth Prose. (Bi 100, 10; 112, 21.) 230, 
11.— 'Melody of Wisdom.' (G W 268, 1 and 17. C R 281, 
34.) 230, 15. — We hold Goethe to be the Foreigner, at this 
era, who, of all others, the best, and the best by many degrees, 
deserves our study and appreciation. (GH219, 15; 163, 12. 
D G 202, 11. G W 268, 29. Similar praise is given to Rich- 
ter, J A 176, 15.) 230, 17, and Note. — How can your publish- 
ing avail, when there was no vision in it? (H A 386, 28.) 

230, 29. See 161, 17. 



46 The Growth of Sartor Rksartus. 

Chapter VIII. (For the title, see G W 262, 13. For a 
part of the contents anticipated, see review of the Kantian 
philosophy, N 109 ff. M pp 308-309.) 231, 16. — See 168, 22. 
234, 1 ff. — These men and these things, we indeed know, did 
swim, by strength or by specific levity (as apples or as horse- 
dung), on the top of the current : but is it by painfully noting 
the courses, eddyings, and bobbings hither and thither of such 
drift-articles that you will unfold to me the nature of the cur- 
rent itself ; of that mighty-rolling, loud-roaring, Life-current, 
bottomless as the foundations of the Universe, mysterious as 
its Author ? (Bo 134/25 ff.) 234, 23. — For the rest, let that 
vain struggle to read the mystery of the Infinite cease to harass 
us. It is a mystery which, through all ages, we shall only 
read here a line of. (Ch 91, 24.) 235, 16. — For the most part, 
the Common is to him still the Common . . . Herein Schiller 
. . . differs essentially from most great poets ; and from none 
more than from his great contemporary, Goethe. (S 300, 27 ff. 
Ch 90, 30.) 236, 17 ff. See 34, 18-21. 236, 29. — Fortunatus. 
(E G L 416, 21.) 237, 17. — A little row of Naphtha-lamps . . . 
burns clear and holy through the dead night of the Past : they 
who are gone are still here ; though hidden they are revealed, 
though dead they yet speak. (Bo 133, 27.) 237, 19. — Mem- 
ory and hope. (L S 108, 12.) 239, 10 ff. — The true poet who 
is but the inspired Thinker, is still an Orpheus whose Lyre 
tames the savage beasts, and evokes the dead rocks to fashion 
themselves into palaces and stately inhabited cities. (T S 41, 
16.) 239, 21. — Music of the spheres. (Ch 47, 9. D 380, 26.) 
240, 7. — The aspect of the Infinite Universe still fills him with 
an Infinite feeling ; he soars free aloft, and the sunny regions of 
Poesy and Freedom gleam golden afar on the widened horizon. 
(C R 286, 2.) 240, 17 — Ghost of Cock-lane ! (C C 25, 22.) 
240, 31 — Like a fair, heavenly Apparition, which indeed he 
was, he has melted into air. (N L 381, 24. C C 1, 8.) 241, 
1-10. — As if Bedlam had broken loose ; as if rather (in that 
' spiritual Twelfth-hour of the Night ) the everlasting Pit had 
opened itself, and from its still blacker bosom had issued mad- 
ness and all manner of shapeless Misbirths, to masquerade and 
chatter there ... In that stertorous last fever-sleep of our Euro- 



The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 47 

pean world, must not Phantasms enough f born of the Pit, as 
all such are) flit past, in ghastly masquerading and chattering ? 
(C C 25, 22.) 241, 12. — Spectre Hunt. (T S 3, 13.) 241, 20. 
— The real spiritual Apparitio?is (who have been named Men). 
(G W 208, 18.) 242. See 17, 28. — The Mitre Tavern still 
stands in Fleet Street : but where now is its scot-and-lot paying, 
beef-and-ale loving, cocked-hatted, potbellied Landlord ; its 
rosy-faced, assiduous Landlady , . . ? Gone ! Gone ! The 
becking waiter, that with wreathed smiles, wont to spread for 
Samuel and Bozzy their ' supper of the gods,' has long since 
pocketed his last sixpence ; and vanished, sixpences and all, 
like a ghost at cock-crowing. . . . All, all, has vanished ; in 
very deed and truth, like that baseless fabric of Prospero's air- 
vision. (Bo 133, 2 ff. D G 205, 13.) 242, 23. — Still deeper 
than this Whence were the question of Whither. (D 334, 4.) 
242, 26 ff. (This quotation from the Tempest was made by 
Richter, and is requoted by C, J A 237, 27 ff. C R 287, 15 ff. ) 

Chapter IX. 245, 16. See 60, 1 ff. 245, 26. — Magna charta. 
(H A 390, 28.) 246, 1.—' Codification.'— (S T 156, 12.) 

Chapter X. (For the fundamental idea of this chapter, see 
G W 217, last %. For the " Poor-Slave " idea, see Ch 67, 9. 
Bo 151, 19 ; 169, 9.) 251, 31. — Pipe ... on so many scrannel 
straws. (S T 166, 17) 255, 6. — By the three monastic vows 
he was not bound. (S 274, 16. S T 166, 13.) 256, 27. — Mere 
potatoes-and-point ! (0047,27.) 256,18. — ' Rhizophagous.' 
(G W 249, 16.) 259, 28 — 260, 15. — What changes, too, this 
addition of power is introducing into the social system ; how 
wealth has more and more increased, and at the same time 
gathered itself more and more into masses, strangely altering 
the old relations, and increasing the distance between the rich 
and the poor, will be a question for Political Economists, and 
a much more complex and important one than any they have 
yet engaged with. (S T 147, 32 ff. C R 283.) 260, 16-34. — 
In such a state of things, there lay abundant principles of dis- 
cord : these two influences hung like fast gathering electric 
clouds, as yet on opposite sides of the horizon, but with a mal- 
ignity of aspect, which boded, whenever they might meet, a 
sky of fire and blackness, thunderbolts to waste the earth, and 



48 The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 

the sun and stars, though but for a season, to be blotted out 
from the heavens. (V 23, 20 ff.) 

Chapter XI. (For suggestions of the subject of this chap- 
ter, see Bo 130, 19. G W 213, 36.) 262, 4. — Pelion upon Ossa. 
(J 16, 8.) 

Chapter XII. 267, 11. — Dashing his brush against the can- 
vass. (D 377, 22.) 267, 17. See 7, 4. 267, 33. — Two ghastly 
Apparitions, unreal simulacra both, Hypocrisy and Atheism 
are already, in silence, parting the world. (Bo 160, 24 ff.) 
268, 7. See 3, 14. 16, 33. — Watch-tower. (C C 28, 4.) 

Appendix : Testimonies of Authors, pp. 399-404. Now 
your Reviewer is a mere taster; who tastes, and says, by the 
evidence of such palate, such tongue, as he has got— It is good; 
it is bad. (Ch 71, 25.) In what is called reviewing such a 
book as this, we are aware that to the judicious craftsman two 
methods present themselves. The first and most convenient is 
for the Reviewer to perch himself resolutely, as it were, on the 
shoulder of his Author, and therefrom to show as if he com- 
manded him, and looked down on him by natural superiority 
of stature. Whatever the great man says or does, the little 
man shall treat with an air of knowingness and light conde- 
scending mocker}^ ; professing, with much covert sarcasm, that 
this and that other is beyond his comprehension, and cunningly 
asking his readers if they comprehend it ! Herein it will help 
him mightily, if, besides description, he can quote a few pas- 
sages, which, in their detached state, and taken most probably 
in quite a wrong acceptation of the words, shall sound strange, 
and to certain hearers, even absurd ; all which will be easy 
enough, if he have any handiness in the business, and address 
the right audience. (N 86, 21 ff.) 

A glance at the passages quoted above will show, what 
might naturally have been expected, that the most characteris- 
tic ideas of Sartor are those most frequently anticipated. As 
the metaphysical significance of the clothes philosophy begins 
to appear (Book I, chapter VIII and X), the parallels multi- 
ply. The glorification of childhood, and the stern repression 
of youth under mechanical systems of education, are favorite 
ideas (Book II, chapters II and III). While the memorable 



The Growth of Sartor Resartus. 49 

chapters describing the spiritual experience of one passing from 
doubt to faith had many fore-runners (chapters VII, VIII, IX). 
In Book III, the philosophical aspect of the clothes idea, and 
its application to human Society, are paramount, and were 
many times gradually approached (see especially chapters III 
to VIII). Goethe and Schiller, besides their personal experi- 
ences, contributed several suggestions of detail. (I ' So also did 
Novalis and RichterJ 2 ) While to Johnson, as Professor Mac 
Mechan has shown, Carlyle owed his famous shibboleth of 
Cant. (3) All this does not materially detract from. Carlyle's 
originality. He was as original as it is possible for mankind 
to be : he assimilated what he found, and transfused it with 
new meaning. 

Final Note. — An examination of Carlyle's Historical 
Sketches, London, 1898, shows that the work, though compara- 
tively early, had its practical commencement in 1843, and so is 
outside the scope of the present inquiry. J. A. S. Barrett's 
edition of Sartor Resartus , London, 1897, contains much interest- 
ing material in relation to the earlier essays and the translations 
from the German. ( 4) 



(1) See on 55,4; 83, 16; 86, 11 (cf M's Note); 88, 10 (cf M's Note); 167, 11 ; 173, 8. 

(2) 1; 19 ; 47, 3-5 ; 48, 23 ; 61, 20 ; 90, 1 : 147, 19 ; 155, 10 ; 161, 17 ; 169, 14 ; 177, 14 ; 229, 15. 

(3) See on 9, 32, and M's Note. (4) For metaphors and other suggestions from Richter, 
see notes in Barrett's edition, pp*65, 75, 76, 81, 83, 86, 106, 139, 163, 176, 183, 189, 192, 193, 199, 
204, 273, 279, 282. For evidences of indebtedness to Goethe, see Barrett, notes on pp 67, 
75, 141, 147, 164, 167, 170, 173, 178, 203, 218, 264. For suggestions from Novalis, see pp 97, 
187, 254, 261. 



